Neither a bird nor a plane nor even, apparently, Superman, the identity of the
mysterious object that floated beside the shuttle Atlantis earlier in its
mission continues to elude NASA officials. The object, about 5 feet long and
slightly resembling a car bumper, was videotaped by the astronauts Saturday as
it sailed along between the shuttle and Earth.
A NASA spokeswoman said Sunday that the object was no longer visible from the
shuttle. But the mystery remained. The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration believes the object was nothing more than debris lost during
the deployment of a communications satellite Friday, but acknowledges it
cannot be certain what was out there.
Nearly identical objects have been seen on previous shuttle flights from which
satellites were deployed, flight director Phil Engelauf said.
He said at a Sunday news briefing at Johnson Space Center in Houston that NASA
engineers are still scratching their heads over the object.
"We looked at the tape again and again last night and compared it to videotape
from another mission", Engelauf said. "Except to say it looks identical to the
debris we saw before, I can't give you anything new."
Whatever it is, he said, it has not interfered with previous missions or
threatened this one.
Rabu, 31 Desember 2008
Selasa, 30 Desember 2008
Regret Is Alien to UFO Abductees
Harvard University psychology researcher Susan Clancy thinks the chances are good that you know at least one person who claims to have been abducted by aliens. And she has another surprise: The people who tell these stories aren't candidates for the funny farm.
"They're not nuts," said Clancy, a postdoctoral researcher and author of a new book, the first to analyze the psychological underpinnings of abduction stories. "They're normal."
Not that Clancy gives any credence to the countless tales of horny aliens, UFO-borne medical examinations and intrusive probes of nether regions. No one, she said, has actually been kidnapped by extraterrestrials.
Instead, Clancy points to other causes including sleep hallucinations, innate suggestibility and a deeply human desire to explain the world. Pop culture plays a major role, too.
These theories have been around for a while, but Clancy weaves them together in Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens to create a new, overarching explanation for alien-abduction stories, one that draws heavily on her own interviews with about 50 alleged abductees.
And she throws in a new wrinkle: Despite the horrors that many abductees report enduring, including rape, they don't regret the experiences.
In each case, the abduction "transformed their lives, made them feel better about themselves and the world they were living in," said Clancy, a postdoctoral fellow and one of the few American academics who study alien-abduction stories as a way to understand how people develop "unusual beliefs."
It's impossible to know exactly how many Americans think they were abducted by aliens, although polls suggest about a quarter of us think extraterrestrials have dropped by the planet. While it's true that plenty of abductees are happy to tell their stories on the radio and the internet, Clancy said in an interview, others keep their stories to themselves because they fear being written off as crazy.
Regardless of whether they broadcast their stories to the world, "they're not more likely than people who don't believe to be psychiatrically impaired," she said.
In fact, the lives and occupations of abductees are often entirely ordinary. Clancy writes about her interviews with several schoolteachers, a dermatologist, a spa chef and a house cleaner. One was abducted while watching David Letterman's show in order to create "hybrid babies"; another told about aliens who wanted to "buy land in New Hampshire, stay here and breed."
But not all had extensive memories. In fact, only about 10 percent of people who think they were abducted actually have detailed stories of what happened. The rest simply consider bits of evidence -- a mysterious bruise, perhaps, or a vague feeling -- and figure they must have been whisked away by aliens.
Why would they do that, when other explanations would seemingly make more sense? Many people would look at a bruise and assume they innocuously injured themselves without knowing it. And the typical person wouldn't send something that fell out of his rear for analysis to see if it was a remnant of an anal probe. (One abductee did that, according to Clancy, and refused to believe the lab finding that it was actually a hemorrhoid.)
"They're not nuts," said Clancy, a postdoctoral researcher and author of a new book, the first to analyze the psychological underpinnings of abduction stories. "They're normal."
Not that Clancy gives any credence to the countless tales of horny aliens, UFO-borne medical examinations and intrusive probes of nether regions. No one, she said, has actually been kidnapped by extraterrestrials.
Instead, Clancy points to other causes including sleep hallucinations, innate suggestibility and a deeply human desire to explain the world. Pop culture plays a major role, too.
These theories have been around for a while, but Clancy weaves them together in Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens to create a new, overarching explanation for alien-abduction stories, one that draws heavily on her own interviews with about 50 alleged abductees.
And she throws in a new wrinkle: Despite the horrors that many abductees report enduring, including rape, they don't regret the experiences.
In each case, the abduction "transformed their lives, made them feel better about themselves and the world they were living in," said Clancy, a postdoctoral fellow and one of the few American academics who study alien-abduction stories as a way to understand how people develop "unusual beliefs."
It's impossible to know exactly how many Americans think they were abducted by aliens, although polls suggest about a quarter of us think extraterrestrials have dropped by the planet. While it's true that plenty of abductees are happy to tell their stories on the radio and the internet, Clancy said in an interview, others keep their stories to themselves because they fear being written off as crazy.
Regardless of whether they broadcast their stories to the world, "they're not more likely than people who don't believe to be psychiatrically impaired," she said.
In fact, the lives and occupations of abductees are often entirely ordinary. Clancy writes about her interviews with several schoolteachers, a dermatologist, a spa chef and a house cleaner. One was abducted while watching David Letterman's show in order to create "hybrid babies"; another told about aliens who wanted to "buy land in New Hampshire, stay here and breed."
But not all had extensive memories. In fact, only about 10 percent of people who think they were abducted actually have detailed stories of what happened. The rest simply consider bits of evidence -- a mysterious bruise, perhaps, or a vague feeling -- and figure they must have been whisked away by aliens.
Why would they do that, when other explanations would seemingly make more sense? Many people would look at a bruise and assume they innocuously injured themselves without knowing it. And the typical person wouldn't send something that fell out of his rear for analysis to see if it was a remnant of an anal probe. (One abductee did that, according to Clancy, and refused to believe the lab finding that it was actually a hemorrhoid.)
Kamis, 09 Oktober 2008
The Infamous Roswell Incident
I just saw the Roswell film footage, remember year 1947 when an alien craft crashed in the New Mexico desert near Roswell. To be honest I am two minded where one side is thinking, no this cannot be true it looks too human it is like us but has different colour skin and a giant head but to be honest I have seen individuals who has similar physical structure. Ho do we know that the doctors who are dissecting the anonymous body did not select a random dead person and did what they did to fool world. Whereas the other side of me thinks but why will they do this, why would they want to fool world do they have so much spare time on their hands and I personally think at that age in time people were simple thus there was less corruption and conspiracies. Listen to this actual Radio Broadcast made at the time of the alleged Roswell UFO Crash in New Mexico, 1947.
Jumat, 16 Mei 2008
venus
Why is Venus so bright? It's a cloudy world, only slightly smaller than Earth, and those clouds reflect almost all the sunlight that hits them. The reflection seems especially intense this week because Venus is getting close to Earth: it's only 72 million km away--just a hop, skip and a jump on the vast scale of the solar system.
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Venus' clouds hide the planet's surface. Even the biggest telescopes on Earth can't see what lies below. But if you have a small telescope or binoculars, take a look at Venus anyway. There is something to see: Venus looks like a fat gray banana.
Just like the Moon, Venus has phases. It can be full, gibbous, half or a crescent. These phases occur for the same reason that Moon phases do: geometry. One side of Venus is sunlit (the "dayside"). The other side is dark (the "nightside"). As Venus orbits the Sun it turns one side, then the other, toward Earth. At the moment, Venus is turning its nightside toward us. We can see only a sliver of the dayside--hence the crescent.
In one way Moon-phases and Venus-phases differ: The Moon is bright when it's full, and dim when it's a crescent. Venus is just the opposite. It reaches greatest brilliancy at crescent phase. A full Venus, on the other hand, is dim. Strange but true.
The diagrams below show why. Venus is full when it's on the other side of the Sun. It's dim then because it's far away. Venus is a crescent when it's nearby--big and bright.
Here's something to think about while you're looking at Venus this week: that delicate, beautiful crescent is a hellish world. The planet's bone-dry surface is hot enough to melt lead. Venus' atmosphere, 90 times heavier than Earth's, is almost pure carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that traps solar heat. The thick blanketing clouds don't help; they trap heat, too, and they're made of sulfuric acid. Robot-spaceships sent to Venus have landed, but they never last long. Russia's Venera 13 lander operated for 127 minutes--the all-time record--before being overwhelmed by the acid, the heat, and the crushing pressure of Venus' atmosphere.
And you thought Venus was scary when it was just a UFO.
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Venus' clouds hide the planet's surface. Even the biggest telescopes on Earth can't see what lies below. But if you have a small telescope or binoculars, take a look at Venus anyway. There is something to see: Venus looks like a fat gray banana.
Just like the Moon, Venus has phases. It can be full, gibbous, half or a crescent. These phases occur for the same reason that Moon phases do: geometry. One side of Venus is sunlit (the "dayside"). The other side is dark (the "nightside"). As Venus orbits the Sun it turns one side, then the other, toward Earth. At the moment, Venus is turning its nightside toward us. We can see only a sliver of the dayside--hence the crescent.
In one way Moon-phases and Venus-phases differ: The Moon is bright when it's full, and dim when it's a crescent. Venus is just the opposite. It reaches greatest brilliancy at crescent phase. A full Venus, on the other hand, is dim. Strange but true.
The diagrams below show why. Venus is full when it's on the other side of the Sun. It's dim then because it's far away. Venus is a crescent when it's nearby--big and bright.
Here's something to think about while you're looking at Venus this week: that delicate, beautiful crescent is a hellish world. The planet's bone-dry surface is hot enough to melt lead. Venus' atmosphere, 90 times heavier than Earth's, is almost pure carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that traps solar heat. The thick blanketing clouds don't help; they trap heat, too, and they're made of sulfuric acid. Robot-spaceships sent to Venus have landed, but they never last long. Russia's Venera 13 lander operated for 127 minutes--the all-time record--before being overwhelmed by the acid, the heat, and the crushing pressure of Venus' atmosphere.
And you thought Venus was scary when it was just a UFO.
Ufo
Picture this: You're in a car riding along a country road at night. The sky is clear; the stars are twinkling. The silhouettes of moonlit trees glide by the side window. Flash! A blue-white light beams through a gap in the forest. Flash! It happens again. And again, and again. It's following you.
In the movies, this is when the spaceship lands. A door opens. Eerie-green lights flood the roadside. Something alien steps out ... and you have a Close Encounter. Time to dial 9-1-1!
Relax. It's only Venus, the second planet from the Sun.
Right: Venus and the Moon beam through some trees in Brittany, France. Photo credit: Laurent Laveder.
Venus is the brightest of all planets. It makes Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, look feeble. At sundown Venus materializes close to the western horizon where it can beam through trees and make you think you're being chased by something from outer space. No wonder so many people call 9-1-1 to report a UFO when they see it.
This week Venus (magnitude -4.5) is at maximum brightness. It is 8 times brighter than the planet Jupiter (magnitude -2.3), 23 times brighter than Sirius (magnitude -1.1), and 275 times brighter than the planet Mars (magnitude +1.6). Venus can actually cast faint shadows; only the Sun and Moon outshine it.
In the movies, this is when the spaceship lands. A door opens. Eerie-green lights flood the roadside. Something alien steps out ... and you have a Close Encounter. Time to dial 9-1-1!
Relax. It's only Venus, the second planet from the Sun.
Right: Venus and the Moon beam through some trees in Brittany, France. Photo credit: Laurent Laveder.
Venus is the brightest of all planets. It makes Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, look feeble. At sundown Venus materializes close to the western horizon where it can beam through trees and make you think you're being chased by something from outer space. No wonder so many people call 9-1-1 to report a UFO when they see it.
This week Venus (magnitude -4.5) is at maximum brightness. It is 8 times brighter than the planet Jupiter (magnitude -2.3), 23 times brighter than Sirius (magnitude -1.1), and 275 times brighter than the planet Mars (magnitude +1.6). Venus can actually cast faint shadows; only the Sun and Moon outshine it.
Selasa, 13 Mei 2008
Minggu, 16 Maret 2008
Page 1
By Leslie Kean (page 1)
Ten years after the Arizona UFO incident known as the “Phoenix Lights,” former Arizona
Republican Governor Fife Symington, III, now says that he himself was a witness to one of
the strange unidentified flying objects, even though he originally did not say so publicly.
“It was enormous and inexplicable,” he said in an exclusive interview from his home in
Phoenix. “Who knows where it came from? A lot of people saw it, and I saw it too.”
On March 13, 1997, during Symington’s second term as Governor, thousands saw multiple
triangular and V-shaped craft, gliding slowly and silently across the sky for half an hour
beginning at approximately 8:15 pm. Awestruck witnesses, throughout the state, estimated
that the eerie, lighted vehicles were bigger than many football fields, up to a mile long.
Arizona Senator John McCain, a friend of Symington’s who the former Governor describes as
“open-minded,” acknowledged at a 2000 press conference that lights were seen over
Arizona. “That has never been fully explained. But I have to tell you that I do not have any
evidence whatsoever of aliens or UFOs,” he said.
The evidence for a possible UFO, which simply means something in the sky that can’t be
identified, lies in the fact that countless witnesses reported seeing low, gigantic, technological
flying machines that blocked out the stars - not merely lights. Now the former Governor
attests to that.
Symington says he saw a large triangular “craft of unknown origin” with lights, moving slowly.
“It was dramatic. And it couldn’t have been flares because it was too symmetrical,” he says.
“It had a geometric outline, a constant shape.”
The sightings of the objects that evening are sometimes confused with the row of lights that
appeared at about 10 pm, near Phoenix, and have been shown repeatedly on television
news. These later lights were probably flares. People witnessed the objects at around 8:30
because they were outside on that pleasant, cloudless night watching the Hale-Bopp Comet.
Symington was known for ridiculing the incident at a spoof press conference, so his
statement marks a dramatic turnaround. He wants to make amends to his constituents and
set the record straight.
On the morning of June 19, 1997, when pressure was building from frustrated citizens who
wanted answers, the Governor announced on television that he was ordering a full
investigation and would make “all the necessary inquiries. We’re going to get to the bottom of
this. We’re going to find out if it was a UFO,” he said in a serious tone.
Ten years after the Arizona UFO incident known as the “Phoenix Lights,” former Arizona
Republican Governor Fife Symington, III, now says that he himself was a witness to one of
the strange unidentified flying objects, even though he originally did not say so publicly.
“It was enormous and inexplicable,” he said in an exclusive interview from his home in
Phoenix. “Who knows where it came from? A lot of people saw it, and I saw it too.”
On March 13, 1997, during Symington’s second term as Governor, thousands saw multiple
triangular and V-shaped craft, gliding slowly and silently across the sky for half an hour
beginning at approximately 8:15 pm. Awestruck witnesses, throughout the state, estimated
that the eerie, lighted vehicles were bigger than many football fields, up to a mile long.
Arizona Senator John McCain, a friend of Symington’s who the former Governor describes as
“open-minded,” acknowledged at a 2000 press conference that lights were seen over
Arizona. “That has never been fully explained. But I have to tell you that I do not have any
evidence whatsoever of aliens or UFOs,” he said.
The evidence for a possible UFO, which simply means something in the sky that can’t be
identified, lies in the fact that countless witnesses reported seeing low, gigantic, technological
flying machines that blocked out the stars - not merely lights. Now the former Governor
attests to that.
Symington says he saw a large triangular “craft of unknown origin” with lights, moving slowly.
“It was dramatic. And it couldn’t have been flares because it was too symmetrical,” he says.
“It had a geometric outline, a constant shape.”
The sightings of the objects that evening are sometimes confused with the row of lights that
appeared at about 10 pm, near Phoenix, and have been shown repeatedly on television
news. These later lights were probably flares. People witnessed the objects at around 8:30
because they were outside on that pleasant, cloudless night watching the Hale-Bopp Comet.
Symington was known for ridiculing the incident at a spoof press conference, so his
statement marks a dramatic turnaround. He wants to make amends to his constituents and
set the record straight.
On the morning of June 19, 1997, when pressure was building from frustrated citizens who
wanted answers, the Governor announced on television that he was ordering a full
investigation and would make “all the necessary inquiries. We’re going to get to the bottom of
this. We’re going to find out if it was a UFO,” he said in a serious tone.
Page 2
Later that same afternoon, Symington suddenly called a press conference and told viewers
that he had found the source behind the Phoenix Lights. His chief-of-staff, Jay Heiler, was
escorted in by public safety police officers while handcuffed, wearing a large rubber mask
and dressed as a space alien. The Governor presented the costumed extraterrestrial as the
“guilty party.” While laughter filled the room, he joked that “this just goes to show that you
guys are entirely too serious.”
“It was an insult to the intelligence of the witnesses,” Barwood recalls. “The message to
Arizona citizens was that reporting this was stupid.”
“If I had to do it all over again I probably would have handled it differently,” Symington
explains. He says that the state of Arizona was “on the brink of hysteria” about the UFO
sighting when he called the press conference, and the frenzy was building. “I wanted them to
lighten up and calm down, so I introduced a little levity. But I never felt that the overall
situation was a matter of ridicule,” he says.
The former Governor, a cousin of the late Missouri Senator Stuart Symington, states that the
incident remains open and unsolved, and should be officially investigated. The US
Government has never acknowledged that something was in the sky that night.
Phoenix city councilwoman Frances Barwood was the only elected official to launch a public
investigation in 1997, but she received no information from any level of government. Barwood
spoke with over seven hundred witnesses, including police, pilots and former military, who
provided very similar descriptions. “The government never interviewed even one witness,”
she says.
Symington also attempted to find an explanation. He called the Commander at Luke Air
Force Base, the General in charge of the National Guard, and the head of the Department of
Public Safety in 1997. None of these officials had answers, and they were “perplexed,” he
says.
In 2000, the Department of Defense maintained that it could not find any information about
the triangular object, in response to a court-ordered search requested by a U.S. District court
in Phoenix, as part of a class action suit filed by witnesses.
.
“How could they possibly not know about these huge craft flying low over major population
centers? That’s inconceivable, but it’s also frightening,” Barwood commented.
Symington’s announcement is bolstered by the fact that similar flying objects have been
documented by the governments of England and Belgium.
On March 30, 1990, the Belgian Air Force sent two F-16s armed with missiles to intercept a
black triangular UFO displaying bright lights on its underside. The object could accelerate or
dive at tremendous speeds, starting from a stationary position, as recorded on radar. It flew
at the speed of sound without making a sonic boom.
that he had found the source behind the Phoenix Lights. His chief-of-staff, Jay Heiler, was
escorted in by public safety police officers while handcuffed, wearing a large rubber mask
and dressed as a space alien. The Governor presented the costumed extraterrestrial as the
“guilty party.” While laughter filled the room, he joked that “this just goes to show that you
guys are entirely too serious.”
“It was an insult to the intelligence of the witnesses,” Barwood recalls. “The message to
Arizona citizens was that reporting this was stupid.”
“If I had to do it all over again I probably would have handled it differently,” Symington
explains. He says that the state of Arizona was “on the brink of hysteria” about the UFO
sighting when he called the press conference, and the frenzy was building. “I wanted them to
lighten up and calm down, so I introduced a little levity. But I never felt that the overall
situation was a matter of ridicule,” he says.
The former Governor, a cousin of the late Missouri Senator Stuart Symington, states that the
incident remains open and unsolved, and should be officially investigated. The US
Government has never acknowledged that something was in the sky that night.
Phoenix city councilwoman Frances Barwood was the only elected official to launch a public
investigation in 1997, but she received no information from any level of government. Barwood
spoke with over seven hundred witnesses, including police, pilots and former military, who
provided very similar descriptions. “The government never interviewed even one witness,”
she says.
Symington also attempted to find an explanation. He called the Commander at Luke Air
Force Base, the General in charge of the National Guard, and the head of the Department of
Public Safety in 1997. None of these officials had answers, and they were “perplexed,” he
says.
In 2000, the Department of Defense maintained that it could not find any information about
the triangular object, in response to a court-ordered search requested by a U.S. District court
in Phoenix, as part of a class action suit filed by witnesses.
.
“How could they possibly not know about these huge craft flying low over major population
centers? That’s inconceivable, but it’s also frightening,” Barwood commented.
Symington’s announcement is bolstered by the fact that similar flying objects have been
documented by the governments of England and Belgium.
On March 30, 1990, the Belgian Air Force sent two F-16s armed with missiles to intercept a
black triangular UFO displaying bright lights on its underside. The object could accelerate or
dive at tremendous speeds, starting from a stationary position, as recorded on radar. It flew
at the speed of sound without making a sonic boom.
Page 3
The Belgian Ministry of Defense released all its data on the UFO to the press, after
eliminating American stealth aircraft and all other possible explanations.
On the night of March 30, 1993, three years later to the day, a vast triangular-shaped craft,
also capable of rapidly accelerating in seconds from a virtual hover, was seen by over a
hundred witnesses in England, including police officers and military personnel. The British
Ministry of Defense stated that “none of the usual explanations put forward to explain UFO
sightings seem applicable” and concluded that the evidence showed that “an unidentified
object (or objects) of unknown origin was operating over the UK."
According to an April 1993 MOD document, the agency sent a letter to the US Embassy
which was “disseminated to all ‘interested Agencies’ in the US” to find out whether the March
UFO could have been attributable to some US prototype such as the Aurora.
“The answer I got back was extraordinary,” reports Nick Pope, the MOD official who
investigated the 1993 sighting. “The Americans had been having their own sightings of these
large, triangular-shaped UFOs and wanted to know if the RAF might have such a craft.”
This statement, four years before the display over Arizona, contradicts the 2000 claim by the
US DOD that the department had no information at all about the triangles. To this day, US
officials continue to keep the lid on the Phoenix Lights and other well-documented American
sightings of mysterious giant triangles.
“I wish that government entities would stop trying to shut down these investigations by putting
out some flakey story,” says Symington, a long-time pilot, drawing an analogy to the
November sighting of a hovering disc by many aviation witnesses at O’Hare airport, which the
FAA explained away as a ”weather phenomenon.”
eliminating American stealth aircraft and all other possible explanations.
On the night of March 30, 1993, three years later to the day, a vast triangular-shaped craft,
also capable of rapidly accelerating in seconds from a virtual hover, was seen by over a
hundred witnesses in England, including police officers and military personnel. The British
Ministry of Defense stated that “none of the usual explanations put forward to explain UFO
sightings seem applicable” and concluded that the evidence showed that “an unidentified
object (or objects) of unknown origin was operating over the UK."
According to an April 1993 MOD document, the agency sent a letter to the US Embassy
which was “disseminated to all ‘interested Agencies’ in the US” to find out whether the March
UFO could have been attributable to some US prototype such as the Aurora.
“The answer I got back was extraordinary,” reports Nick Pope, the MOD official who
investigated the 1993 sighting. “The Americans had been having their own sightings of these
large, triangular-shaped UFOs and wanted to know if the RAF might have such a craft.”
This statement, four years before the display over Arizona, contradicts the 2000 claim by the
US DOD that the department had no information at all about the triangles. To this day, US
officials continue to keep the lid on the Phoenix Lights and other well-documented American
sightings of mysterious giant triangles.
“I wish that government entities would stop trying to shut down these investigations by putting
out some flakey story,” says Symington, a long-time pilot, drawing an analogy to the
November sighting of a hovering disc by many aviation witnesses at O’Hare airport, which the
FAA explained away as a ”weather phenomenon.”
Leslie Kean
is an investigative journalist whose articles have appeared in numerous
newspapers and magazines around the world such as the Boston Globe, Baltimore Sun,
Providence Journal, Sacramento Bee, Atlanta-Journal Constitution, Newark Star Ledger,
The Nation magazine, International Herald Tribune, Globe and Mail, the Sydney Morning
Herald, the Bangkok Post, the Kyoto Journal, and the Journal of Scientific Exploration.
Her stories have been syndicated through Knight-Ridder Tribune, Scripps-Howard, New
York Times Wire Service, Pacific News Service and the National Publishers Association.
She is the co-founder of the Washington-based Coalition for Freedom of Information.
newspapers and magazines around the world such as the Boston Globe, Baltimore Sun,
Providence Journal, Sacramento Bee, Atlanta-Journal Constitution, Newark Star Ledger,
The Nation magazine, International Herald Tribune, Globe and Mail, the Sydney Morning
Herald, the Bangkok Post, the Kyoto Journal, and the Journal of Scientific Exploration.
Her stories have been syndicated through Knight-Ridder Tribune, Scripps-Howard, New
York Times Wire Service, Pacific News Service and the National Publishers Association.
She is the co-founder of the Washington-based Coalition for Freedom of Information.
Selasa, 12 Februari 2008
THE CONCLUSIONS
Careful study of UFO case histories can reveal considerable detail on the sensory responses of witnesses.Furthermore, a parallel survey of scientific literature in a variety of subjects will sometimes disclose specific mechanisms that may be responsible for the reported effects. Finally, experimental data in the literature or obtained by the investigator can provide quantitative information about the physiological responses and the parameters of UFO fields. It has been found that most UFO effects on people can be attributed to a complex field consisting of two
components, namely:
1. An electromagnetic field in the microwave region having
a) frequency in the range of 200 to 3,000 MHz,
b) pulse repetition rate of 50 to 100 sec , and
c) pulse width of 1 to 100, more likely 10 to 40 microsec.
The onset of physiological responses begins with a humming sensation at an average
power density of 0.4 mW/cm but field intensities many thousand times greater may be
experienced.
2. A magnetic field that varies intensity slightly about every two seconds. The intensity at the witness is on the order of 1,000 gauss for close encounters.
An extensive series of laboratory and field experiments could reduce the range of uncertainties in the field parameters, and eventually lead to a full understanding of UFO propulsion systems.
Reports of UFOs emphasize two major points: Firstly, they hover in the sky with no indication of a familiar propulsion system such as propellers, jets, or rockets. No momentum is transferred to the atmosphere and there is a notable absence of violent and noisy downwash. The objects appear to defy gravity. The other point is their strange manner of flitting about. Observers are frequently startled by a sudden acceleration far exceeding normal experience, also by instantaneous stops and right-angle turns at high speed. Not only do UFOs appear to be anti-gravitational, they behave as though they had no inertia.
In the General Theory of Relativity, Dr. Albert Einstein postulated the Principle of Equivalence. It states that the property of matter, called mass, is the same whether responding to gravitational forces or to accelerations. For the 2
mathematically inclined reader, that means that the small “m” in the universal gravitational equation (F = GmM/r ) is identical to the small “m” in the inertial equation (F = ma). That identity has been demonstrated in satellite 14 experiments to a precision of 1 part in 10 . So what does that mean? If a method should be developed to nullify the effect of gravity, it would automatically and necessarily nullify inertia! A hovering UFO that directly defeats gravity
would have an inherent ability to fly without the familiar restrictions of inertia.
It is remarkable indeed that witnesses in all countries, languages, and educational levels from scholars to primitives have been describing the phenomenon correctly for 40 years although very few were acquainted with General Relativity. We have not listened well.
components, namely:
1. An electromagnetic field in the microwave region having
a) frequency in the range of 200 to 3,000 MHz,
b) pulse repetition rate of 50 to 100 sec , and
c) pulse width of 1 to 100, more likely 10 to 40 microsec.
The onset of physiological responses begins with a humming sensation at an average
power density of 0.4 mW/cm but field intensities many thousand times greater may be
experienced.
2. A magnetic field that varies intensity slightly about every two seconds. The intensity at the witness is on the order of 1,000 gauss for close encounters.
An extensive series of laboratory and field experiments could reduce the range of uncertainties in the field parameters, and eventually lead to a full understanding of UFO propulsion systems.
Reports of UFOs emphasize two major points: Firstly, they hover in the sky with no indication of a familiar propulsion system such as propellers, jets, or rockets. No momentum is transferred to the atmosphere and there is a notable absence of violent and noisy downwash. The objects appear to defy gravity. The other point is their strange manner of flitting about. Observers are frequently startled by a sudden acceleration far exceeding normal experience, also by instantaneous stops and right-angle turns at high speed. Not only do UFOs appear to be anti-gravitational, they behave as though they had no inertia.
In the General Theory of Relativity, Dr. Albert Einstein postulated the Principle of Equivalence. It states that the property of matter, called mass, is the same whether responding to gravitational forces or to accelerations. For the 2
mathematically inclined reader, that means that the small “m” in the universal gravitational equation (F = GmM/r ) is identical to the small “m” in the inertial equation (F = ma). That identity has been demonstrated in satellite 14 experiments to a precision of 1 part in 10 . So what does that mean? If a method should be developed to nullify the effect of gravity, it would automatically and necessarily nullify inertia! A hovering UFO that directly defeats gravity
would have an inherent ability to fly without the familiar restrictions of inertia.
It is remarkable indeed that witnesses in all countries, languages, and educational levels from scholars to primitives have been describing the phenomenon correctly for 40 years although very few were acquainted with General Relativity. We have not listened well.
WEIGHING THE EVIDENCE
It has been shown from scientific sources that microwaves from UFOs could account for most physiological
responses of witnesses, except for such mundane matters as visual observation and hearing bullets ricochet. For the
senses of hearing, smell, taste, and feel, the formerly puzzling effects were traced to specific mechanisms that are
capable of producing them. Some interactions between microwaves and the sensory organs appear to be mysterious,
may be unknown to the general public or even experts in other fields, but are well-established facts. In addition,
much information was found to describe the interactions quantitatively. It should be helpful at this point to assemble
that data in Table 1 and analyze the various constraints imposed by the sensory physiology.
Scanning down the column of thresholds in Table 1 highlights the extreme sensitivity for hearing a humming
2
sound at 0.012 mW/cm . It is little wonder that this response frequently causes the witness to look around for the
source and discover an object in the sky if he were not previously alerted by the family pet. The humming sound is
so consistently reported that the corresponding field parameters are considered to be typical. So a pulse rate of about
50 to 100 cycles per second is implied in accordance with the frequency of audio tones described as humming. That
–1
rate is well below the limit of 1,000 sec required for inducing metallic taste. In order for microwaves to be heard,
they must be between 200 and 3,000 MHz and have pulse widths between 1 and 100 microsec but probably between
10 to 40 microsec.
2
The feeling of heat begins in the upper frequency ranges at 2 mcal/cm sec. But direct comparison with the other
2 31
thresholds requires a conversion into compatible units leading to the equivalent value of 8,37 mW/cm sec. As this
threshold for feeling heat is about 700 times higher than that for hearing, it is no surprise that the sensation of
heating is restricted to short-range cases, whereas a UFO at a considerable distance can be heard. As pointed out
previously, the threshold for high-pitch sound, being some 22,000 times greater than for the hum, would endanger
the observer. No further evidence allowing determination of thresholds could be found.
As to the frequency of the radiation, there is a pattern of consistency. Whereas hearing requires frequencies of
200 to 3,000 MHz, paralysis implied approximately 3,000 while internal injuries require less than 3,000. All
frequencies are capable of producing high-pitch sounds, metallic taste, odors, heating of conductors, and electrical
shock. These effects, therefore, could all be generated within the frequency limits imposed by the humming sound.
On the other hand, something unique appears to be happening when shock waves are generated because they require
frequencies greater than 60,000 MHz to couple with the molecules in the atmosphere. A clue may be afforded by the
blue flash that was reported in two cases above, but this question is unresolved.
responses of witnesses, except for such mundane matters as visual observation and hearing bullets ricochet. For the
senses of hearing, smell, taste, and feel, the formerly puzzling effects were traced to specific mechanisms that are
capable of producing them. Some interactions between microwaves and the sensory organs appear to be mysterious,
may be unknown to the general public or even experts in other fields, but are well-established facts. In addition,
much information was found to describe the interactions quantitatively. It should be helpful at this point to assemble
that data in Table 1 and analyze the various constraints imposed by the sensory physiology.
Scanning down the column of thresholds in Table 1 highlights the extreme sensitivity for hearing a humming
2
sound at 0.012 mW/cm . It is little wonder that this response frequently causes the witness to look around for the
source and discover an object in the sky if he were not previously alerted by the family pet. The humming sound is
so consistently reported that the corresponding field parameters are considered to be typical. So a pulse rate of about
50 to 100 cycles per second is implied in accordance with the frequency of audio tones described as humming. That
–1
rate is well below the limit of 1,000 sec required for inducing metallic taste. In order for microwaves to be heard,
they must be between 200 and 3,000 MHz and have pulse widths between 1 and 100 microsec but probably between
10 to 40 microsec.
2
The feeling of heat begins in the upper frequency ranges at 2 mcal/cm sec. But direct comparison with the other
2 31
thresholds requires a conversion into compatible units leading to the equivalent value of 8,37 mW/cm sec. As this
threshold for feeling heat is about 700 times higher than that for hearing, it is no surprise that the sensation of
heating is restricted to short-range cases, whereas a UFO at a considerable distance can be heard. As pointed out
previously, the threshold for high-pitch sound, being some 22,000 times greater than for the hum, would endanger
the observer. No further evidence allowing determination of thresholds could be found.
As to the frequency of the radiation, there is a pattern of consistency. Whereas hearing requires frequencies of
200 to 3,000 MHz, paralysis implied approximately 3,000 while internal injuries require less than 3,000. All
frequencies are capable of producing high-pitch sounds, metallic taste, odors, heating of conductors, and electrical
shock. These effects, therefore, could all be generated within the frequency limits imposed by the humming sound.
On the other hand, something unique appears to be happening when shock waves are generated because they require
frequencies greater than 60,000 MHz to couple with the molecules in the atmosphere. A clue may be afforded by the
blue flash that was reported in two cases above, but this question is unresolved.
BY-PASSING THE PHYSICAL SENSES
Some physical effects are visited upon the witness although they are not immediately registered by the ordinary
senses.
A. Paralysis
At the time of an engine failure in the presence of a UFO, the witness may be surprised to discover that he is
unable to move. A specially graphic example was the experience of a farmer in Saskatchewan. He climbed down
from a swather to investigate a 3 m., silver-colored, dome-shaped object that was hovering close to the ground and
spinning in deep grass. Upon backing away and remounting the machine, he noticed four more similar objects
spaced out along a nearby slough. The first object then rose up to about 60 m., followed by the second, then the
third, and so on. During these maneuvers, he was paralyzed. In a taped interview, he later said, “I sat there like I was
froze, I couldn’t move nothing.” Further elaboration was telling and clear:
I didn’t have the strength to move anything on it (the farm machine). See, it’s a hydrostatic drive,
automatic like a car, steering also. I couldn’t move anything, all I had to do was push the lever or turn
the steering wheel, but I couldn’t. I felt like I was hypnotized or paralyzed, I had no strength. I tried to
move that lever but I couldn’t. Just a touch of your finger — it will move. Nothing seemed to work
right, I was scared, I’ve been scared before, but nothing like this. I wanted this hand on the gear shift
26
and this one on the steering wheel and you think I could move it? I couldn’t budge it.
Explanation
Of primary concern here are the fundamental properties of motor control nerves. In some ways they resemble
electrical wires but the similarity cannot be carried very far. A central core of protoplasmic material, a moderately
good conductor, is surrounded by a sheath or membrane of a fatty substance that is a moderately good insulator.
Orders to outlying muscles, sent by the central nervous system, travel along these fibers as a wave of electrical
potential. The travelling pulse, known as an action potential, always has the same intensity in a particular fiber. At
any point along the fiber, it is either present or it is not. It never shows up only partially or at a potential different
from the norm. Energy for transmission of this signal derives from the fiber itself, not from driving force at the input
end. The sheath is interrupted at intervals of about 1 mm., called Ranvier nodes, and the transmission energy is
supplied by the passage of certain ions through the membranes in these short segments. The width of the pulse is
about 1 millisecond and it travels at various speeds, depending upon the size of the fiber, typically about 10
m/second. Measurements of electrical potentials inside the sheath show that a fiber at rest is about 0.07 volts
negative compared to the external solution. An action potential travelling down the fiber has a positive amplitude of
about 0.10 to 0.12 volts. Therefore, at the moment the action potential occupies a position in the fiber, its interior
experiences a momentary swing that is about 0.04 volts positive compared to the outside.
Experimental electrodes implanted in the fiber at any location can trigger the standard pulse by impressing a
potential difference across the membrane of about 0.02 volts or greater. Pulses then travel outward in both directions
along the fiber, although they would normally travel in only one direction. After the pulse has passed through one
segment of the fiber, a finite time is required for that segment to return to normal. During the recovery period, it is
completely incapable of transmitting another pulse. For about one millisecond, the fiber cannot be stimulated at all.
9
James McCampbell
For roughly another millisecond, it can but only by a stimulus stronger than usual. If a stimulus below the threshold
of 0.02 volts followed by another within about 2 millsec, then the second one may evoke a response even though it
too is weaker than the threshold. The first stimulus opens the gates, so to speak, for the next one.
If microwave radiation were capable of providing the requisite stimulus, then action potentials would be induced.
It has been found, in fact, that microwaves can create the necessary electrical tension across the membrane. By
inserting miniature electrodes into nerve fibers, the potential difference between the inside and the outside can be
measured. Irradiation by microwaves induces potentials that are typically in the millivolt range, but are sometimes
as high as 0.10 volt, five times stronger than the threshold value of 0.02 volt. As action potentials triggered by this
mechanism would be identical in every respect to those that are sent by the central nervous system, there would be
no way that receptors could detect them to be fraudulent. Muscular responses would be absolutely dictated by such
artificially produced signals. A muscle contraction persists for about 500 millisec before relaxing. So a series of
pulses impacting a muscle at a faster rate would produce an indefinitely sustained contraction. As all skeletal
muscles occur in opposing pairs, their indiscriminate and simultaneous contraction would freeze them in rigid
opposition, that is, paralyze the body.
Any legitimate action potential from the central nervous system, representing some intended muscular behavior,
would be annihilated upon collision with the extraneous signal travelling in the wrong direction. Thus, action
potentials triggered by microwaves interfere with volitional control. Partial loss of motor control would be produced
27
by slower pulses of microwaves, a reported UFO effect. Because of health hazards, humans have not been
intentionally exposed to high-intensity microwave fields so there is no experimental verification of the above
analysis. However, motor disruption and partial paralysis by microwaves have been experimentally observed in
28
chickens, pigeons, sea gulls, and small animals.
2. Radiation Injuries
An Ohio farmer and his wife were watching TV one night in November 1958 when the set acted up and went
black. Then a strange light from the window caused them to look outside and discover a large object some 6 m. in
diameter hovering over their backyard. The husband went outside to investigate. He remained still (paralyzed?) as
the object moved directly over him. Immediately he felt ill and within 48 hours was dead, “…his insides fried as
29
though by the heat of a microwave oven.”
A similar exposure of lesser severity may have been the cause of major health problems in the extremely well
documented Cash-Landrum case near Houston on December 29, 1980. It has probably been investigated more
30
thoroughly than any other case and much has been written about it. In the briefest possible summary, two
principal witnesses were dazzled by a diamond-shaped object hovering low over a highway. Around it at some
distance were a large number of helicopters of recognizable types. Exposure to the bright light, heat, and other
radiation lasted 5 to 10 minutes. Both victims suffered severe burns, glisters, loss of hair, internal injuries, and at
least 18 other symptoms.
Explanation
The investigators, including medical professionals and other physicians who cared for the patients over an
extended period, fully recognized that the above injuries were caused by radiation of a broad spectrum including
X-rays, microwaves, infrared, and ultraviolet. They also emphasize that the object described by the witnesses was
simply not identifiable by them, nothing more. Also, the presence of helicopters raised the question of whether the
object might have been an experimental aircraft of the United States Air Force. The main points here are that (1)
infrared and probably short microwaves produced the burns, (2) internal injuries were probably caused by the
heating effect of the more penetrating, longer microwaves, and (3) loss of hair was due to the well-known effect of
ionizing X-rays with probably contributions from microwaves. An atmospheric plasma produces a strong
component of X-rays by the deceleration of electrons colliding with molecules and ions in the highly agitated,
ionized gas. This process, known as Bremsstrahlung, also generates a broad spectrum of photons having lesser
energies and correspondingly longer wavelengths in accord with the reported injuries in the Cash-Landrum case.
senses.
A. Paralysis
At the time of an engine failure in the presence of a UFO, the witness may be surprised to discover that he is
unable to move. A specially graphic example was the experience of a farmer in Saskatchewan. He climbed down
from a swather to investigate a 3 m., silver-colored, dome-shaped object that was hovering close to the ground and
spinning in deep grass. Upon backing away and remounting the machine, he noticed four more similar objects
spaced out along a nearby slough. The first object then rose up to about 60 m., followed by the second, then the
third, and so on. During these maneuvers, he was paralyzed. In a taped interview, he later said, “I sat there like I was
froze, I couldn’t move nothing.” Further elaboration was telling and clear:
I didn’t have the strength to move anything on it (the farm machine). See, it’s a hydrostatic drive,
automatic like a car, steering also. I couldn’t move anything, all I had to do was push the lever or turn
the steering wheel, but I couldn’t. I felt like I was hypnotized or paralyzed, I had no strength. I tried to
move that lever but I couldn’t. Just a touch of your finger — it will move. Nothing seemed to work
right, I was scared, I’ve been scared before, but nothing like this. I wanted this hand on the gear shift
26
and this one on the steering wheel and you think I could move it? I couldn’t budge it.
Explanation
Of primary concern here are the fundamental properties of motor control nerves. In some ways they resemble
electrical wires but the similarity cannot be carried very far. A central core of protoplasmic material, a moderately
good conductor, is surrounded by a sheath or membrane of a fatty substance that is a moderately good insulator.
Orders to outlying muscles, sent by the central nervous system, travel along these fibers as a wave of electrical
potential. The travelling pulse, known as an action potential, always has the same intensity in a particular fiber. At
any point along the fiber, it is either present or it is not. It never shows up only partially or at a potential different
from the norm. Energy for transmission of this signal derives from the fiber itself, not from driving force at the input
end. The sheath is interrupted at intervals of about 1 mm., called Ranvier nodes, and the transmission energy is
supplied by the passage of certain ions through the membranes in these short segments. The width of the pulse is
about 1 millisecond and it travels at various speeds, depending upon the size of the fiber, typically about 10
m/second. Measurements of electrical potentials inside the sheath show that a fiber at rest is about 0.07 volts
negative compared to the external solution. An action potential travelling down the fiber has a positive amplitude of
about 0.10 to 0.12 volts. Therefore, at the moment the action potential occupies a position in the fiber, its interior
experiences a momentary swing that is about 0.04 volts positive compared to the outside.
Experimental electrodes implanted in the fiber at any location can trigger the standard pulse by impressing a
potential difference across the membrane of about 0.02 volts or greater. Pulses then travel outward in both directions
along the fiber, although they would normally travel in only one direction. After the pulse has passed through one
segment of the fiber, a finite time is required for that segment to return to normal. During the recovery period, it is
completely incapable of transmitting another pulse. For about one millisecond, the fiber cannot be stimulated at all.
9
James McCampbell
For roughly another millisecond, it can but only by a stimulus stronger than usual. If a stimulus below the threshold
of 0.02 volts followed by another within about 2 millsec, then the second one may evoke a response even though it
too is weaker than the threshold. The first stimulus opens the gates, so to speak, for the next one.
If microwave radiation were capable of providing the requisite stimulus, then action potentials would be induced.
It has been found, in fact, that microwaves can create the necessary electrical tension across the membrane. By
inserting miniature electrodes into nerve fibers, the potential difference between the inside and the outside can be
measured. Irradiation by microwaves induces potentials that are typically in the millivolt range, but are sometimes
as high as 0.10 volt, five times stronger than the threshold value of 0.02 volt. As action potentials triggered by this
mechanism would be identical in every respect to those that are sent by the central nervous system, there would be
no way that receptors could detect them to be fraudulent. Muscular responses would be absolutely dictated by such
artificially produced signals. A muscle contraction persists for about 500 millisec before relaxing. So a series of
pulses impacting a muscle at a faster rate would produce an indefinitely sustained contraction. As all skeletal
muscles occur in opposing pairs, their indiscriminate and simultaneous contraction would freeze them in rigid
opposition, that is, paralyze the body.
Any legitimate action potential from the central nervous system, representing some intended muscular behavior,
would be annihilated upon collision with the extraneous signal travelling in the wrong direction. Thus, action
potentials triggered by microwaves interfere with volitional control. Partial loss of motor control would be produced
27
by slower pulses of microwaves, a reported UFO effect. Because of health hazards, humans have not been
intentionally exposed to high-intensity microwave fields so there is no experimental verification of the above
analysis. However, motor disruption and partial paralysis by microwaves have been experimentally observed in
28
chickens, pigeons, sea gulls, and small animals.
2. Radiation Injuries
An Ohio farmer and his wife were watching TV one night in November 1958 when the set acted up and went
black. Then a strange light from the window caused them to look outside and discover a large object some 6 m. in
diameter hovering over their backyard. The husband went outside to investigate. He remained still (paralyzed?) as
the object moved directly over him. Immediately he felt ill and within 48 hours was dead, “…his insides fried as
29
though by the heat of a microwave oven.”
A similar exposure of lesser severity may have been the cause of major health problems in the extremely well
documented Cash-Landrum case near Houston on December 29, 1980. It has probably been investigated more
30
thoroughly than any other case and much has been written about it. In the briefest possible summary, two
principal witnesses were dazzled by a diamond-shaped object hovering low over a highway. Around it at some
distance were a large number of helicopters of recognizable types. Exposure to the bright light, heat, and other
radiation lasted 5 to 10 minutes. Both victims suffered severe burns, glisters, loss of hair, internal injuries, and at
least 18 other symptoms.
Explanation
The investigators, including medical professionals and other physicians who cared for the patients over an
extended period, fully recognized that the above injuries were caused by radiation of a broad spectrum including
X-rays, microwaves, infrared, and ultraviolet. They also emphasize that the object described by the witnesses was
simply not identifiable by them, nothing more. Also, the presence of helicopters raised the question of whether the
object might have been an experimental aircraft of the United States Air Force. The main points here are that (1)
infrared and probably short microwaves produced the burns, (2) internal injuries were probably caused by the
heating effect of the more penetrating, longer microwaves, and (3) loss of hair was due to the well-known effect of
ionizing X-rays with probably contributions from microwaves. An atmospheric plasma produces a strong
component of X-rays by the deceleration of electrons colliding with molecules and ions in the highly agitated,
ionized gas. This process, known as Bremsstrahlung, also generates a broad spectrum of photons having lesser
energies and correspondingly longer wavelengths in accord with the reported injuries in the Cash-Landrum case.
FEELING
In almost every instance of short range observations of UFOs, witnesses have experienced a sensation of heat.
The intensity may vary from a mild warmth to a frightening and painful burn. Frequently the witness retains a semi-
permanent record of such encounters in the form of a sunburn or even blisters. The burns are generally limited to
areas that are directly exposed to the UFO.
Explanation
If a UFO is encased in a brilliant plasma, it will radiate energy in a broad band of frequencies or wavelengths.
Extending well beyond the visible spectrum, the flux of energy will include longer and shorter wavelengths in the
infrared and ultraviolet regions. Infrared radiation is the mechanism by which heat is transmitted at a distance. If, on
the other hand, the UFO is not covered with a plasma and a metallic surface is visible, it can still radiate substantial
intensities of infrared due to the elevated temperature, particularly if it is self-luminous, glowing in a soft orange
color like the heating elements of an electric stove. The radiant energy transmitted per unit area and unit time may
2
be expressed as millicalories per square cm. per second (mcal/cm sec) and compared to energy received from the
2
sun. The solar irradiation constant, the energy striking an area perpendicular to the rays, amounts to 32.3 mcal/cm
sec. So the rate of heat input to a witness can be roughly estimated from the description of the experience or more
accurately if the witness were asked for a direct comparison. Assuming isotropic emission from the UFO, one can
calculate the total energy emitted by the UFO in that bandwidth. But that is not the whole story.
1. “Sunburned” Skin
Manuel Amparano, a policeman in Kerman, California, observed a bright object in the sky during the night. It
emitted a blue flash then departed straight upward in seconds. Upon returning to the station, he was found to be
sunburned as red as a lobster. The effect faded in four hours. The burn was only on the portion of his body directly
exposed to the UFO. His long-sleeve uniform afforded no protection, but he was completely shielded by the door of
19
the patrol car.
In Baden, Pennsylvania, on August 13, 1965, a middle-aged man saw a disc in the night sky fly in front of the
moon. It was estimated to be 100 m. in diameter at a distance of 700 m. Its orange lights weakened as it became a
very intense blue for three seconds. Shortly afterward, a shock wave was felt. Within 20 minutes, his eyes became
20
painful and he gradually lost his vision for a few days. Oddly, his entire body was sunburned as if by “ultraviolet.”
7
James McCampbell
Explanation
Obviously, ultraviolet could not have produced the sunburn because it could not have penetrated the clothing!
The same applies to the California policeman. Microwaves, however, could penetrate clothing and burn the skin but
be reflected by a car door. Early experiments by the U.S. Navy explored the heating sensation of microwaves.
Energy from 10 cm. waves and longer penetrates deeply and is dispersed throughout the body. Hence, only a small
fraction is absorbed at the surface where biological heat sensors are located. But shorter wavelengths are
preferentially absorbed in the skin and are thus more effective in stimulating the sensation of heat and causing burns.
They are almost as effective as infrared! The experiments showed that the threshold for feeling warmth from
2 21
microwaves of 1 cm. in an exposure of a few seconds was about 2 mcal/cm sec. In other words, people can feel
the warmth from 1 cm. microwaves at less than one-tenth the energy flux from the sun. Burns would naturally be
caused by much higher intensities.
2. Hot Objects
David Winter experienced a typical automobile failure while driving home in British Columbia at 2:15 a.m. on
December 13, 1967. It was a clear, cold night with the temperature about 20–25°F. He pulled off the road to look
under the hood for the source of trouble. Only then did he notice an object hovering about 15 m. above the ground
about 100 m. away. It was shaped like a dome, flat on the bottom, displaying red and green lights with what
appeared to be portholes emitting light. The surface looked like wire-brushed steel. He noted that his battery felt
warm. Becoming apprehensive, he then got back into the car while watching the object drift closer in a gentle
rocking motion. He became frightened upon discovering that his hair felt warm. Later he said “…and the copper
ring on my left ring finger got rather warm and unpleasant so I decided to take that off too. And I noticed my watch
getting a little… I have a metal watch band here and it got warm...” Also, “A metal button and metal fly in my pants
and they got hot.” During a second inspection of the car, he retrieved a flashlight from a toolbox and noticed that its
metal frame became hot but the lens remained cold. Metallic parts of the car had become hot but the tires felt as cold
as the air.
Explanation
Observe the contrasts between the items that were heated versus those that were not. Nonconducting materials
(rubber and glass) remained at ambient temperature whereas electrical conductors (steel, copper, and silver) became
hot. The watchband may have been gold but its material was not stated. Warmth of the battery was caused by
22
heating of the battery acid, a conducting medium. Undoubtedly, a high-frequency electromagnetic field was
inducing eddy currents in the conductors that produced resistance heating. Differences in the temperatures of the
rings would be expected due to the different electrical resistivities of copper and silver and their individual
23
dimensions.
3. Electrical Shock
In the late 40s and early 50s, most UFO sightings were high-altitude flybys unless it was that witnesses were
more reluctant to confess to close encounters and investigators to report them. It was not until the 1954 flap in
France that witnesses in substantial numbers reported UFOs at very short ranges and an accompanying feeling of
tingling or electrical shock. Then in 1958 near Lima, Peru, a UFO descended and hovered near a truck, bus, and car.
Passengers in all three vehicles felt an electrical shock at the same time that their engines failed. NICAP was the first
organization to take a particular interest in such electromagnetic effects and to publish an extensive record of the
24
events.
Explanation
Radar systems operating at microwave frequencies have become so powerful that the hazard of electrical shock
to workmen has become serious. Special protective clothing has been developed that covers the entire body, head,
face, hands, and feet. Made of metalized nylon, it reflects electromagnetic energy away from the wearer. A special
8
Effects of UFOs Upon People
feature assures electrical continuity across the seams. A surface layer of neoprene prevents closing a circuit between
25
two objects at different electrical potentials that might be touched at the same time by a workman.
Human-like creatures seen in association with UFOs are invariably described as wearing skin-tight, one-piece
uniforms covering the whole body including the feet. They are notably without buttons, zippers, pockets,
discontinuities, and seams. One witness peering into the goggles of a UFOnaut observed a fine, wire-mesh screen
that would effectively shield the eyes against microwaves. UFOnauts are apparently taking the same precautions that
we are in the presence of intense microwave fields. In such environments near UFOs, unprotected witnesses would
be expected to feel the induced currents in the skin as a tingling sensation or an electrical shock.
The intensity may vary from a mild warmth to a frightening and painful burn. Frequently the witness retains a semi-
permanent record of such encounters in the form of a sunburn or even blisters. The burns are generally limited to
areas that are directly exposed to the UFO.
Explanation
If a UFO is encased in a brilliant plasma, it will radiate energy in a broad band of frequencies or wavelengths.
Extending well beyond the visible spectrum, the flux of energy will include longer and shorter wavelengths in the
infrared and ultraviolet regions. Infrared radiation is the mechanism by which heat is transmitted at a distance. If, on
the other hand, the UFO is not covered with a plasma and a metallic surface is visible, it can still radiate substantial
intensities of infrared due to the elevated temperature, particularly if it is self-luminous, glowing in a soft orange
color like the heating elements of an electric stove. The radiant energy transmitted per unit area and unit time may
2
be expressed as millicalories per square cm. per second (mcal/cm sec) and compared to energy received from the
2
sun. The solar irradiation constant, the energy striking an area perpendicular to the rays, amounts to 32.3 mcal/cm
sec. So the rate of heat input to a witness can be roughly estimated from the description of the experience or more
accurately if the witness were asked for a direct comparison. Assuming isotropic emission from the UFO, one can
calculate the total energy emitted by the UFO in that bandwidth. But that is not the whole story.
1. “Sunburned” Skin
Manuel Amparano, a policeman in Kerman, California, observed a bright object in the sky during the night. It
emitted a blue flash then departed straight upward in seconds. Upon returning to the station, he was found to be
sunburned as red as a lobster. The effect faded in four hours. The burn was only on the portion of his body directly
exposed to the UFO. His long-sleeve uniform afforded no protection, but he was completely shielded by the door of
19
the patrol car.
In Baden, Pennsylvania, on August 13, 1965, a middle-aged man saw a disc in the night sky fly in front of the
moon. It was estimated to be 100 m. in diameter at a distance of 700 m. Its orange lights weakened as it became a
very intense blue for three seconds. Shortly afterward, a shock wave was felt. Within 20 minutes, his eyes became
20
painful and he gradually lost his vision for a few days. Oddly, his entire body was sunburned as if by “ultraviolet.”
7
James McCampbell
Explanation
Obviously, ultraviolet could not have produced the sunburn because it could not have penetrated the clothing!
The same applies to the California policeman. Microwaves, however, could penetrate clothing and burn the skin but
be reflected by a car door. Early experiments by the U.S. Navy explored the heating sensation of microwaves.
Energy from 10 cm. waves and longer penetrates deeply and is dispersed throughout the body. Hence, only a small
fraction is absorbed at the surface where biological heat sensors are located. But shorter wavelengths are
preferentially absorbed in the skin and are thus more effective in stimulating the sensation of heat and causing burns.
They are almost as effective as infrared! The experiments showed that the threshold for feeling warmth from
2 21
microwaves of 1 cm. in an exposure of a few seconds was about 2 mcal/cm sec. In other words, people can feel
the warmth from 1 cm. microwaves at less than one-tenth the energy flux from the sun. Burns would naturally be
caused by much higher intensities.
2. Hot Objects
David Winter experienced a typical automobile failure while driving home in British Columbia at 2:15 a.m. on
December 13, 1967. It was a clear, cold night with the temperature about 20–25°F. He pulled off the road to look
under the hood for the source of trouble. Only then did he notice an object hovering about 15 m. above the ground
about 100 m. away. It was shaped like a dome, flat on the bottom, displaying red and green lights with what
appeared to be portholes emitting light. The surface looked like wire-brushed steel. He noted that his battery felt
warm. Becoming apprehensive, he then got back into the car while watching the object drift closer in a gentle
rocking motion. He became frightened upon discovering that his hair felt warm. Later he said “…and the copper
ring on my left ring finger got rather warm and unpleasant so I decided to take that off too. And I noticed my watch
getting a little… I have a metal watch band here and it got warm...” Also, “A metal button and metal fly in my pants
and they got hot.” During a second inspection of the car, he retrieved a flashlight from a toolbox and noticed that its
metal frame became hot but the lens remained cold. Metallic parts of the car had become hot but the tires felt as cold
as the air.
Explanation
Observe the contrasts between the items that were heated versus those that were not. Nonconducting materials
(rubber and glass) remained at ambient temperature whereas electrical conductors (steel, copper, and silver) became
hot. The watchband may have been gold but its material was not stated. Warmth of the battery was caused by
22
heating of the battery acid, a conducting medium. Undoubtedly, a high-frequency electromagnetic field was
inducing eddy currents in the conductors that produced resistance heating. Differences in the temperatures of the
rings would be expected due to the different electrical resistivities of copper and silver and their individual
23
dimensions.
3. Electrical Shock
In the late 40s and early 50s, most UFO sightings were high-altitude flybys unless it was that witnesses were
more reluctant to confess to close encounters and investigators to report them. It was not until the 1954 flap in
France that witnesses in substantial numbers reported UFOs at very short ranges and an accompanying feeling of
tingling or electrical shock. Then in 1958 near Lima, Peru, a UFO descended and hovered near a truck, bus, and car.
Passengers in all three vehicles felt an electrical shock at the same time that their engines failed. NICAP was the first
organization to take a particular interest in such electromagnetic effects and to publish an extensive record of the
24
events.
Explanation
Radar systems operating at microwave frequencies have become so powerful that the hazard of electrical shock
to workmen has become serious. Special protective clothing has been developed that covers the entire body, head,
face, hands, and feet. Made of metalized nylon, it reflects electromagnetic energy away from the wearer. A special
8
Effects of UFOs Upon People
feature assures electrical continuity across the seams. A surface layer of neoprene prevents closing a circuit between
25
two objects at different electrical potentials that might be touched at the same time by a workman.
Human-like creatures seen in association with UFOs are invariably described as wearing skin-tight, one-piece
uniforms covering the whole body including the feet. They are notably without buttons, zippers, pockets,
discontinuities, and seams. One witness peering into the goggles of a UFOnaut observed a fine, wire-mesh screen
that would effectively shield the eyes against microwaves. UFOnauts are apparently taking the same precautions that
we are in the presence of intense microwave fields. In such environments near UFOs, unprotected witnesses would
be expected to feel the induced currents in the skin as a tingling sensation or an electrical shock.
REVIEW OF MAGNETIC EFFECTS
Magnetic fields associated with UFOs have produced a wide variety of effects strongly suggesting a static or
slowly changing field. They have induced permanent magnetism in ferrous objects such as signs and flagpoles.
Many wristwatches have been stopped during a UFO sighting then later found by a jeweler to be magnetized. Such
residual magnetism could have been produced only by static fields or ones changing intensity very slowly; rapidly
pulsing fields, on the other hand, would erase magnetism. That technique is used to erase magnetic tapes and to
“degauss” ships. The author has duplicated most types of radio interference from UFOs with static, magnetic
15
fields. The most sensitive components of transistor radios are coils in tuned radio-frequency and intermediate-
frequency circuits. The magnetic field modifies the physical property of their ferrite cores. The circuits are thereby
detuned from the selected station. Reception begins to fade at about 350 gauss and is entirely blocked at about 800
gauss. Such fields are moderately strong, being typical for bar magnets. Continued increases in field strength will
shift the tuning to the next station of higher frequency. A radio can be tuned across the whole dial in that manner.
Radios originally set at stations in the upper end of the dial will be driven completely beyond the AM band, where
they can receive navigational signals in Morse code.
Slowly pulsing magnetic fields around UFOs have been suspected to cause agitation or spinning of compasses.
Intuition suggests that sustained rotation of a compass can be produced by a weak magnetic field only if it is pulsed
at a rate approximating the natural resonant frequency of the compass. That point was verified in experiments by the
author in which spin rates of liquid-filled compasses were sustained from 6 to 20 rpm depending upon the strength
of the applied magnetic impulses. Overly strong impulses threw the compass into wild agitation. On February 2,
1973, Captain Peter Telling was piloting a commercial flight in Australia. At first fearing a fire in his starboard
engine, he spotted an intense bluish-white light 7–14 m. in diameter at a distance of 10 m. It paced the airplane for
20 to 25 seconds. His automatic direction finder, gyrocompass, and magnetic compass all went haywire and spun at
16 –1
12 rpm. The pulse rate of the magnetic field was thus measured to be as slow as 12 rpm = 0.2 sec , or one pulse
every 5 seconds.
17
Actually, the magnetic fields from UFOs have been precisely measured with scientific instruments in the field!
French aerospace scientist, Dr. Claude Poher, former head of GEPAN, studied the relationship between UFO
sightings and major disturbances of the earth’s magnetic field. France maintains a series of research stations
monitoring atmospheric conditions, nuclear explosions, and the three components of the geomagnetic field. They are
generally located in remote areas to minimize electromagnetic interference. During the fall of 1954 when UFO
sightings were unusually frequent, fifteen events were found in which the exact location and time of the sighting
corresponded with a major disturbance of the magnetic field at the research station. While moderately strong fields
–5
are measured in gauss, very weak fields are measured in gammas, the ration being 1 gamma = 10 gauss. Maximum
disturbances in the vertical component of the field ranged from about 5 gamma to about 80 gamma for distances of
24 to 100 km. The geomagnetic field in France is about 0.454 gauss with a declination of 10 degrees west and a dip
of 60 degrees downward toward the north. Hence, the vertical component would normally be (0.454) sin 60 = 0.393
gauss = 39.300 gamma. The measurements are thus seen to be extremely sensitive, namely on the order of 1 part in
1,000. Five experimental data points clustering around 5 gamma at 85 km. are taken as a baseline. As magnetic
fields diminish from their source inversely as the third power of the distance, Poher’s data allow the calculation of
6
Effects of UFOs Upon People
11 2
the source strength, or magnetic moment, of the UFO. It is found to be 7.7 x 10 amp meter ! That figure is
phenomenally high compared to current research on super-fields and the hint of advanced technology from unearthly
sources is inescapable. The magnetic field strength at any distance from UFOs can also be calculated from the
scientific measurements. It would be 425 gauss at a distance of 130 m. from a UFO, a typical range at which
electromagnetic effects are observed and consistent with the experimental data on radios.
From the foregoing review of magnetic effects, it appears that magnetic fields from UFOs are static or pulse very
slowly. It is, therefore, unlikely that they could produce significant currents in the body because such induction is
proportional to the rate of change of the field strength. The rate of change of a static field is, of course, nil.
In contrast, direct evidence indicates that pulsed microwaves are a strong candidate. In 1958, a four-year,
comprehensive medical survey of the physiological effects of radar was completed at Lockheed Corporation. Many
employees were routinely exposed to low-intensity radiation during final tests of aircraft radar. Their medical
histories were compared with those of employees who had not been exposed. Despite various minor symptoms, no
2
pathological changes were observed for occasional exposures up to 13.1 mW/cm in the S- and X-bands having
–1
frequencies of 1,500–5,200 and 5,200–11,00 sec respectively. Almost 6% of 335 people exposed to the S-band
field experienced a “buzzing or pulsing sensation,” a phenomenon with which the reader is already familiar. “Less
than 1%…” presumably meaning three individuals, experienced “sparking between dental fillings or a peculiar
18
metallic taste.” (My emphasis.) There seems little doubt that pulsed microwaves are perfectly capable of
2
stimulating the taste, particularly at power densities greater than 13.1 mW/cm .
slowly changing field. They have induced permanent magnetism in ferrous objects such as signs and flagpoles.
Many wristwatches have been stopped during a UFO sighting then later found by a jeweler to be magnetized. Such
residual magnetism could have been produced only by static fields or ones changing intensity very slowly; rapidly
pulsing fields, on the other hand, would erase magnetism. That technique is used to erase magnetic tapes and to
“degauss” ships. The author has duplicated most types of radio interference from UFOs with static, magnetic
15
fields. The most sensitive components of transistor radios are coils in tuned radio-frequency and intermediate-
frequency circuits. The magnetic field modifies the physical property of their ferrite cores. The circuits are thereby
detuned from the selected station. Reception begins to fade at about 350 gauss and is entirely blocked at about 800
gauss. Such fields are moderately strong, being typical for bar magnets. Continued increases in field strength will
shift the tuning to the next station of higher frequency. A radio can be tuned across the whole dial in that manner.
Radios originally set at stations in the upper end of the dial will be driven completely beyond the AM band, where
they can receive navigational signals in Morse code.
Slowly pulsing magnetic fields around UFOs have been suspected to cause agitation or spinning of compasses.
Intuition suggests that sustained rotation of a compass can be produced by a weak magnetic field only if it is pulsed
at a rate approximating the natural resonant frequency of the compass. That point was verified in experiments by the
author in which spin rates of liquid-filled compasses were sustained from 6 to 20 rpm depending upon the strength
of the applied magnetic impulses. Overly strong impulses threw the compass into wild agitation. On February 2,
1973, Captain Peter Telling was piloting a commercial flight in Australia. At first fearing a fire in his starboard
engine, he spotted an intense bluish-white light 7–14 m. in diameter at a distance of 10 m. It paced the airplane for
20 to 25 seconds. His automatic direction finder, gyrocompass, and magnetic compass all went haywire and spun at
16 –1
12 rpm. The pulse rate of the magnetic field was thus measured to be as slow as 12 rpm = 0.2 sec , or one pulse
every 5 seconds.
17
Actually, the magnetic fields from UFOs have been precisely measured with scientific instruments in the field!
French aerospace scientist, Dr. Claude Poher, former head of GEPAN, studied the relationship between UFO
sightings and major disturbances of the earth’s magnetic field. France maintains a series of research stations
monitoring atmospheric conditions, nuclear explosions, and the three components of the geomagnetic field. They are
generally located in remote areas to minimize electromagnetic interference. During the fall of 1954 when UFO
sightings were unusually frequent, fifteen events were found in which the exact location and time of the sighting
corresponded with a major disturbance of the magnetic field at the research station. While moderately strong fields
–5
are measured in gauss, very weak fields are measured in gammas, the ration being 1 gamma = 10 gauss. Maximum
disturbances in the vertical component of the field ranged from about 5 gamma to about 80 gamma for distances of
24 to 100 km. The geomagnetic field in France is about 0.454 gauss with a declination of 10 degrees west and a dip
of 60 degrees downward toward the north. Hence, the vertical component would normally be (0.454) sin 60 = 0.393
gauss = 39.300 gamma. The measurements are thus seen to be extremely sensitive, namely on the order of 1 part in
1,000. Five experimental data points clustering around 5 gamma at 85 km. are taken as a baseline. As magnetic
fields diminish from their source inversely as the third power of the distance, Poher’s data allow the calculation of
6
Effects of UFOs Upon People
11 2
the source strength, or magnetic moment, of the UFO. It is found to be 7.7 x 10 amp meter ! That figure is
phenomenally high compared to current research on super-fields and the hint of advanced technology from unearthly
sources is inescapable. The magnetic field strength at any distance from UFOs can also be calculated from the
scientific measurements. It would be 425 gauss at a distance of 130 m. from a UFO, a typical range at which
electromagnetic effects are observed and consistent with the experimental data on radios.
From the foregoing review of magnetic effects, it appears that magnetic fields from UFOs are static or pulse very
slowly. It is, therefore, unlikely that they could produce significant currents in the body because such induction is
proportional to the rate of change of the field strength. The rate of change of a static field is, of course, nil.
In contrast, direct evidence indicates that pulsed microwaves are a strong candidate. In 1958, a four-year,
comprehensive medical survey of the physiological effects of radar was completed at Lockheed Corporation. Many
employees were routinely exposed to low-intensity radiation during final tests of aircraft radar. Their medical
histories were compared with those of employees who had not been exposed. Despite various minor symptoms, no
2
pathological changes were observed for occasional exposures up to 13.1 mW/cm in the S- and X-bands having
–1
frequencies of 1,500–5,200 and 5,200–11,00 sec respectively. Almost 6% of 335 people exposed to the S-band
field experienced a “buzzing or pulsing sensation,” a phenomenon with which the reader is already familiar. “Less
than 1%…” presumably meaning three individuals, experienced “sparking between dental fillings or a peculiar
18
metallic taste.” (My emphasis.) There seems little doubt that pulsed microwaves are perfectly capable of
2
stimulating the taste, particularly at power densities greater than 13.1 mW/cm .
TASTE
Three hunters in the Ocala National Forest of Florida were looking for a lost deerhound at 9:00 p.m. on
December 14, 1975. They spotted a hemispherical object 8 m. high with 5 “legs” about 4.5 m. long. Emitting a
bright blue-white light, it hovered over a power line then moved away as the witness approached to within about
200 m. During the half-hour observation, their CB radio failed, a humming sound was heard, a strange odor hung in
the air, and “…they had a funny metallic taste in their mouths.”
A Canadian case on October 23, 1967, involving 17 witnesses and 5 objects seems to be significant although the
details were poorly described. A real estate salesman approached to within 200 m. of objects that had landed in a
vacant lot. “Everything he ate tasted the same and there was a taste of copper or metal in his mouth.” The objects
flew away over some power lines that lighted up and the salesman’s car and the steel flagpole at the show house
were later found to be magnetized.
Explanation
Recalling these and other such reports, the author’s curiosity was raised by a casual remark of a friend. She had
undergone a treatment of electrolysis for hair removal. When the electrode was placed on the cheek, she experienced
a taste sensation “like eating tinfoil” that lasted about 15 minutes after the treatment. The implication was obvious.
Some electrical or magnetic effect produced the same sensation in an electrolysis patient as in a UFO witness! A
professional electrologist furnished some details. Low-voltage electricity is applied to a hair root at 13.56 MHz or
with direct current. In her experience, the taste occurred only when using DC. It is most prominent during an “after
treatment” on the lower portion of the face using, as a cathode, a freely rotating conducting cylinder covered with
damp gauze. The author reluctantly submitted to such treatment and decisively experienced the phenomenon as the
device rolled over the cheeks, lips, chin, and especially the jaws. The taste is hard to describe and the word
“metallic” came to mind but seemed inadequate. There was a tingling component and a strange bitterness. The
13
location on the tongue was the lower edge of the front half where the tongue contacts the teeth.
Technical information on this subject is hard to find, but a comprehensive survey article may be available in
14
some medical libraries. The phenomenon has been known since the pioneering work in electricity. It was
discovered when two dissimilar metals were applied to the tongue, creating a primitive battery. Test subjects over
the years have always had difficulty describing the taste. Much research has developed a wealth of detail about the
phenomenon. While individual responses vary considerably, the threshold for detection is a current of about 100
microamperes. The taste increases with stronger currents. Its onset is immediate but it decays very slowly. The
sensation is evoked by direct current pulses as slow as 0.5 per second that is perceived as continuous. Alternating
5
James McCampbell
current is also effective but not above 1,000 Hz. While the cause has not been unequivocally established, it appears
to be a combination of direct action of electricity on the taste cells and normal chemical effects of products of
electrical breakdown of saliva.
A fundamental theorem of electromagnetism is that a magnetic field, while changing intensity, will induce an
electric field that in turn drives a current in a conductor. So the current causing metallic taste could arise from a
–1
transient magnetic field alternating at less than 1,000 sec or one being turned on and off in that range. But the
human body is almost as effective an antenna as a copper wire of the same length. So short blasts of electromagnetic
energy could also produce eddy currents of sufficient strength to stimulate the taste. In any even, the essential
–1
requirements are a current of at least 100 microamp that may be DC or pulsing up to 1,000 sec . By examining
other pertinent data from UFO sightings, one might be able to establish which of these two mechanisms is involved.
December 14, 1975. They spotted a hemispherical object 8 m. high with 5 “legs” about 4.5 m. long. Emitting a
bright blue-white light, it hovered over a power line then moved away as the witness approached to within about
200 m. During the half-hour observation, their CB radio failed, a humming sound was heard, a strange odor hung in
the air, and “…they had a funny metallic taste in their mouths.”
A Canadian case on October 23, 1967, involving 17 witnesses and 5 objects seems to be significant although the
details were poorly described. A real estate salesman approached to within 200 m. of objects that had landed in a
vacant lot. “Everything he ate tasted the same and there was a taste of copper or metal in his mouth.” The objects
flew away over some power lines that lighted up and the salesman’s car and the steel flagpole at the show house
were later found to be magnetized.
Explanation
Recalling these and other such reports, the author’s curiosity was raised by a casual remark of a friend. She had
undergone a treatment of electrolysis for hair removal. When the electrode was placed on the cheek, she experienced
a taste sensation “like eating tinfoil” that lasted about 15 minutes after the treatment. The implication was obvious.
Some electrical or magnetic effect produced the same sensation in an electrolysis patient as in a UFO witness! A
professional electrologist furnished some details. Low-voltage electricity is applied to a hair root at 13.56 MHz or
with direct current. In her experience, the taste occurred only when using DC. It is most prominent during an “after
treatment” on the lower portion of the face using, as a cathode, a freely rotating conducting cylinder covered with
damp gauze. The author reluctantly submitted to such treatment and decisively experienced the phenomenon as the
device rolled over the cheeks, lips, chin, and especially the jaws. The taste is hard to describe and the word
“metallic” came to mind but seemed inadequate. There was a tingling component and a strange bitterness. The
13
location on the tongue was the lower edge of the front half where the tongue contacts the teeth.
Technical information on this subject is hard to find, but a comprehensive survey article may be available in
14
some medical libraries. The phenomenon has been known since the pioneering work in electricity. It was
discovered when two dissimilar metals were applied to the tongue, creating a primitive battery. Test subjects over
the years have always had difficulty describing the taste. Much research has developed a wealth of detail about the
phenomenon. While individual responses vary considerably, the threshold for detection is a current of about 100
microamperes. The taste increases with stronger currents. Its onset is immediate but it decays very slowly. The
sensation is evoked by direct current pulses as slow as 0.5 per second that is perceived as continuous. Alternating
5
James McCampbell
current is also effective but not above 1,000 Hz. While the cause has not been unequivocally established, it appears
to be a combination of direct action of electricity on the taste cells and normal chemical effects of products of
electrical breakdown of saliva.
A fundamental theorem of electromagnetism is that a magnetic field, while changing intensity, will induce an
electric field that in turn drives a current in a conductor. So the current causing metallic taste could arise from a
–1
transient magnetic field alternating at less than 1,000 sec or one being turned on and off in that range. But the
human body is almost as effective an antenna as a copper wire of the same length. So short blasts of electromagnetic
energy could also produce eddy currents of sufficient strength to stimulate the taste. In any even, the essential
–1
requirements are a current of at least 100 microamp that may be DC or pulsing up to 1,000 sec . By examining
other pertinent data from UFO sightings, one might be able to establish which of these two mechanisms is involved.
SMELL
The idea that UFOs might produce some unique odors originally carried a touch of humor. But they really do!
An early survey of the literature turned up 18 cases where witnesses noticed peculiar odors and attempted to
describe them. Comparisons with sulphur dioxide, as in rotten eggs, were the most numerous. Other descriptions
referred to benzene and its derivatives. Finally, a number of descriptions almost certainly identified ozone.
Explanation
Irradiation of various gases with microwaves produces a wide variety of gas atoms and free radicals, the required
components for chemical reactions. In air, nitric oxide is produced. The efficiency of this reaction is greatly
enhanced when the radiation is pulsed. Ethane and methane are decomposed, but benzene is stable in the radiation.
In other words, a pulsed source of microwaves in air can generate nitric oxide and, in subsequent reactions, the
benzene family that has been detected near UFOs. As benzene is not decomposed by the field, any formed would
tend to accumulate to detectable concentrations. These concentrations need not be great considering the extreme
sensitivity of the olfactory sense. Oxidation of sulphur by microwaves has been accomplished in the laboratory,
namely conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide. Similar oxidation of sulphur, contaminating the
atmosphere from automobiles and other sources, into sulphur dioxide could well account for the most commonly
reported sulphurous odors.
4
Effects of UFOs Upon People
There is a curious relationship between this aspect of UFOs and the controversial subject of ball lightning. Many
of the same odors have been reported in association with small balls of light at close range. Electrical discharges in
the atmosphere change energy states of various atoms and numerous chemical compounds are formed. Nitrogen is
elevated to a metastable state having several interesting properties. It produces a soft, white glow that continues for
some time after the discharge terminates. Such excited nitrogen is called “activated” because it readily combines
with other atoms, whereas ordinary nitrogen gas does not. It combines with hydrogen to form ammonia (NH ) and
3
with oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO). Below about 150ºC it reacts with other atmospheric gases to form
nitrobenzene (C H NO ), an oily substance having a strong odor like bitter almonds. Also produced by electrical
6 5 2
discharges in air is the highly reactive ozone (O ) that can be detected around sparking electrical machinery.
3
As an aside, it is observed that the slow decay of activated nitrogen giving off a white glow is probably the cause
of white, luminous trails so often seen behind UFOs as they traverse the sky. Activated nitrogen may also cause the
slowly decaying clouds that are sometimes left at landing sites when UFOs take off.
It is clear that odors reported in UFO events are precisely those that would be expected from chemical reactions
in the atmosphere triggered by electrical discharges or microwave radiation. Very few witnesses were cognizant of
the technical details so their testimony can be taken at face value. The presence of microwaves seems assured, but
12
unfortunately the data do not allow any quantitative deductions.
An early survey of the literature turned up 18 cases where witnesses noticed peculiar odors and attempted to
describe them. Comparisons with sulphur dioxide, as in rotten eggs, were the most numerous. Other descriptions
referred to benzene and its derivatives. Finally, a number of descriptions almost certainly identified ozone.
Explanation
Irradiation of various gases with microwaves produces a wide variety of gas atoms and free radicals, the required
components for chemical reactions. In air, nitric oxide is produced. The efficiency of this reaction is greatly
enhanced when the radiation is pulsed. Ethane and methane are decomposed, but benzene is stable in the radiation.
In other words, a pulsed source of microwaves in air can generate nitric oxide and, in subsequent reactions, the
benzene family that has been detected near UFOs. As benzene is not decomposed by the field, any formed would
tend to accumulate to detectable concentrations. These concentrations need not be great considering the extreme
sensitivity of the olfactory sense. Oxidation of sulphur by microwaves has been accomplished in the laboratory,
namely conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide. Similar oxidation of sulphur, contaminating the
atmosphere from automobiles and other sources, into sulphur dioxide could well account for the most commonly
reported sulphurous odors.
4
Effects of UFOs Upon People
There is a curious relationship between this aspect of UFOs and the controversial subject of ball lightning. Many
of the same odors have been reported in association with small balls of light at close range. Electrical discharges in
the atmosphere change energy states of various atoms and numerous chemical compounds are formed. Nitrogen is
elevated to a metastable state having several interesting properties. It produces a soft, white glow that continues for
some time after the discharge terminates. Such excited nitrogen is called “activated” because it readily combines
with other atoms, whereas ordinary nitrogen gas does not. It combines with hydrogen to form ammonia (NH ) and
3
with oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO). Below about 150ºC it reacts with other atmospheric gases to form
nitrobenzene (C H NO ), an oily substance having a strong odor like bitter almonds. Also produced by electrical
6 5 2
discharges in air is the highly reactive ozone (O ) that can be detected around sparking electrical machinery.
3
As an aside, it is observed that the slow decay of activated nitrogen giving off a white glow is probably the cause
of white, luminous trails so often seen behind UFOs as they traverse the sky. Activated nitrogen may also cause the
slowly decaying clouds that are sometimes left at landing sites when UFOs take off.
It is clear that odors reported in UFO events are precisely those that would be expected from chemical reactions
in the atmosphere triggered by electrical discharges or microwave radiation. Very few witnesses were cognizant of
the technical details so their testimony can be taken at face value. The presence of microwaves seems assured, but
12
unfortunately the data do not allow any quantitative deductions.
HEARING
1. Bullets
Several witnesses have responded to an approaching UFO in the manner of the Old West, that is, by drawing a
bead and firing with a rifle or pistol. The bullets have been heard to strike metallic surfaces and whine off in
2
ricochets. Also, the landing of nearby UFOs has been heard as a thud such as would be expected from a not-so-
3
gentle setdown of a ponderous machine. While these sounds offer no clues to the UFO fields, they suggest that the
objects under study are not imaginary, vaporous, holograms, ball lightning, or earthquake lights.
4
A survey of close encounter cases by the author classified five distinct types of sounds emanating from UFOs.
They were:
VIOLENT (roar, explosion)
LOW PITCH (hum, buzz)
RUSH OF AIR (whoosh, swish)
HIGH PITCH (shrill, whistle)
SIGNALS (beeps, pulses)
2. Violent
Very early in the morning of September 30, 1980, near Sale, Southern Australia, George Blackwell awoke to a
whistling sound. It came from a wingless craft 8 m. across that displayed colored lights as it spun. It flew slowly at
low altitude, finally settling to the ground near a large water tank. The witness approached to within 15 m. when the
whistling sound became very loud. Then he heard an awful bang, accompanied by a blast of air and heat as the
5, 8
object took off vertically and flew away.
A highway patrolman saw a strange object sitting on the ground in the San Joaquin Valley of California. It was
early morning on a wintry day. Suddenly, the object became surrounded by a mist. Then a brilliant glow appeared as
the object rose off the ground. A few seconds later, he heard an explosion as the UFO departed. The sound was
clearly a shock wave from the UFO as the time delay was appropriate for the distance and the speed of sound.
2
Effects of UFOs Upon People
Explanation
Shock waves appear to be generated only at take-off. While sitting on the ground, the propulsion system is
presumed to be turned off; that is, no external field surrounds the UFO. Power would then be required to initiate the
field. The sudden appearance of mist in the San Joaquin case is a vital detail. That region in California is noted for
very dense, ground fogs resulting from ground cooling due to radiant heat loss to the cosmos during long winter
nights and high humidity near sloughs and swamps. Water vapor adjacent to the UFO could have been condensed by
a reduction either in temperature or pressure. Because the phenomenon was accompanied by a shock wave, a change
in temperature alone can be ruled out. The newly generated field must have exerted an outward force on the
atmosphere, thereby reducing the pressure close to the surface. A very small pressure change, indeed, would suffice
to cross the dew point and condense water vapor from saturated air at 100% humidity. Such condensation can
sometimes be observed in the low-pressure zone above airplane wings. Again microwaves emanating from UFOs
are suspected because, at certain wavelengths, they are resonantly absorbed by water molecules with an
accompanying transfer of momentum, that is, a force. Resonances are at wavelengths of 0.17 cm. with four stronger
ones below 0.1 cm. Continuation of the process of pushing the air out of the way is the likely reason that UFOs can
6
fly faster than the speed of sound without creating sonic booms.
3. Tones
The most prevalent types of sounds are either low or high pitch. Words used by witnesses often succinctly and
specifically denote the pitch. For example, the former might be approximated by a hummingbird, the latter likened
to the squeal between stations on old-fashioned AM radios. Two revealing cases have recently come to light after
being hidden for decades:
At 4:00 a.m. on July 25, 1957, several workers were taking a break at the Daye Steel Plant in Huangshi City,
Peoples Republic of China. Upon hearing a humming sound, they noticed a bright spot in the clear night sky that
was increasing in apparent size. As it came closer, it was seen as a circular plate giving off a dazzling white light
and leaving a white trail. During a two- to three-minute observation, it flew over the frightened observers at
1000 m., producing a whistling sound that was louder than a jet. As the object approached the witnesses, the low
7
pitch changed to high pitch; no mention was made of any intermediate tones.
The next example, collected by the CIA in southern Belgian Congo in 1952, remained secret until released in
1983 under a lawsuit pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act. Two fiery objects glided in sweeping curves over
uranium mines. They were seen in several perspectives as disks, ovals, and thin lines. During 10 to 12 minutes of
observation, they emitted hissing and buzzing sounds. Commander Pierre at a small airfield jumped into a fighter
plane and took off in pursuit. He was able to get within 150 m. of the objects that were disk-shaped, aluminum, 12 to
15 m. in diameter, with a rim of fire. They were emitting a whistling sound that could easily be heard over the
airplane engine. Note that the sound changed from low pitch to high pitch as the witness approached the objects,
8
without mention of intermediate tones. In both cases, the range closed, with movement of the object in China and
of the witness in the Congo.
Explanation
It has long been recognized that people can hear electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region, such as
radar and microwave radiation from UFOs was suspected as the cause of humming sounds. Relatively little was
known about this phenomenon 15 years ago, but it had been well established that the aural response was caused by
short bursts of energy corresponding to pulsation of the microwave source. In some uncertain manner, the pulses
stimulated the organ in the inner ear that sends signals to the brain. The tonal value perceived by experimental
subjects corresponded to the pulse rage of the source. Also, the location of the source was usually thought to be
behind the head as the direct response of microwave bypassed the time delay of ordinary, slow-moving sound waves
reaching the more remote ear. This process, known as binaural audition, is one of several clues to recognizing the
direction from which sounds originate. Vigorous research during the 1970s brought this highly complex
9
phenomenon into sharp focus. But for the present purpose, many details must be omitted so some statements are
3
James McCampbell
subject to various technical restrictions that are not mentioned. Generally speaking, it has been shown
experimentally that people are able to hear pulsed microwaves from 200 to 3,000 MHz with peak power densities of
2 2
300 mW/cm and average power densities as low as 0.4 mW/cm with pulse widths of 1 to 100 microseconds (msec).
As the shape of the response curve is a steep-sided mesa, the range of pulse width is probably about 10 to 40 msec.
2
In terms of average power density, the threshold is approximately 120 mW/cm . Therefore, very low-intensity,
microwave radiation pulsed at 50 to 100 cycles per second would be “heard” and aptly described as humming.
Experiments with animals showed that cats were 20 to 30% more sensitive than people, but one dog tested was 5
times more sensitive. That result may explain why agitated dogs are the first indication of many UFO events.
An entirely different mechanism, known as the thermoplastic process, appears to be responsible for the high
pitch sounds. Absorption of energy in biological tissue produces an extremely small increase in temperature. Due to
thermal expansion of the tissue, a corresponding increase in pressure is produced that then propagates through the
medium as a sound wave. A microwave pulse impinging upon the head thereby creates a pressure wave that
propagates through the skin, muscle, bone, and brain tissue and reverberates inside the cranium. These vibrations are
carried by bone conduction to register as sound in the auditory nerve. Microprobes have been surgically implanted
in the auditory nerves of animals to measure the frequencies of pulses stimulated by this mechanism. It has been
found that the frequency depends only upon the size of the head and the acoustical properties of brain tissue. An
extremely intricate, theoretical analysis by Dr. James C. Lin accurately duplicates the experimental data for guinea
10
pigs and cats. For example, the calculated frequency for cats ranged from 30 to 40 kHz, whereas the measured
value was 38 kHz. The measured value for cats is within their normal hearing range, up to 60 kHz, but well beyond
2
the limit of human hearing at 20 kHz. The calculated threshold for cats was 589 mW/cm for a head radius of 3 cm.
For a man with a head radius of 7 cm., the calculated frequency range from 10 to 15 kHz based upon theoretical
2
models expected to yield upper and lower limits. The calculated threshold for man, 2183 mW/cm , is extremely high
2
compared to safety limits in the U.S. for short-term exposure of only 10 mW/cm . Anyone hearing a shrill whistle
from a UFO would be in serious danger.
Thus, experiment and theory show that the pitch perceived from impinging microwave pulses result from two
distinctly different mechanisms. At weak intensities and pulse rates in the low audio range, the pulses directly
stimulate the inner ear and are interpreted as humming sounds. For very intensive radiation pulses, pressure waves
reverberate inside the head creating the impression of high pitch whistles. No known mechanism produces tones of
intermediate frequencies. Thus, the sounds stimulated by microwave radiation from UFOs would be discontinuously
11
dependent upon the distance to the UFO.
Several witnesses have responded to an approaching UFO in the manner of the Old West, that is, by drawing a
bead and firing with a rifle or pistol. The bullets have been heard to strike metallic surfaces and whine off in
2
ricochets. Also, the landing of nearby UFOs has been heard as a thud such as would be expected from a not-so-
3
gentle setdown of a ponderous machine. While these sounds offer no clues to the UFO fields, they suggest that the
objects under study are not imaginary, vaporous, holograms, ball lightning, or earthquake lights.
4
A survey of close encounter cases by the author classified five distinct types of sounds emanating from UFOs.
They were:
VIOLENT (roar, explosion)
LOW PITCH (hum, buzz)
RUSH OF AIR (whoosh, swish)
HIGH PITCH (shrill, whistle)
SIGNALS (beeps, pulses)
2. Violent
Very early in the morning of September 30, 1980, near Sale, Southern Australia, George Blackwell awoke to a
whistling sound. It came from a wingless craft 8 m. across that displayed colored lights as it spun. It flew slowly at
low altitude, finally settling to the ground near a large water tank. The witness approached to within 15 m. when the
whistling sound became very loud. Then he heard an awful bang, accompanied by a blast of air and heat as the
5, 8
object took off vertically and flew away.
A highway patrolman saw a strange object sitting on the ground in the San Joaquin Valley of California. It was
early morning on a wintry day. Suddenly, the object became surrounded by a mist. Then a brilliant glow appeared as
the object rose off the ground. A few seconds later, he heard an explosion as the UFO departed. The sound was
clearly a shock wave from the UFO as the time delay was appropriate for the distance and the speed of sound.
2
Effects of UFOs Upon People
Explanation
Shock waves appear to be generated only at take-off. While sitting on the ground, the propulsion system is
presumed to be turned off; that is, no external field surrounds the UFO. Power would then be required to initiate the
field. The sudden appearance of mist in the San Joaquin case is a vital detail. That region in California is noted for
very dense, ground fogs resulting from ground cooling due to radiant heat loss to the cosmos during long winter
nights and high humidity near sloughs and swamps. Water vapor adjacent to the UFO could have been condensed by
a reduction either in temperature or pressure. Because the phenomenon was accompanied by a shock wave, a change
in temperature alone can be ruled out. The newly generated field must have exerted an outward force on the
atmosphere, thereby reducing the pressure close to the surface. A very small pressure change, indeed, would suffice
to cross the dew point and condense water vapor from saturated air at 100% humidity. Such condensation can
sometimes be observed in the low-pressure zone above airplane wings. Again microwaves emanating from UFOs
are suspected because, at certain wavelengths, they are resonantly absorbed by water molecules with an
accompanying transfer of momentum, that is, a force. Resonances are at wavelengths of 0.17 cm. with four stronger
ones below 0.1 cm. Continuation of the process of pushing the air out of the way is the likely reason that UFOs can
6
fly faster than the speed of sound without creating sonic booms.
3. Tones
The most prevalent types of sounds are either low or high pitch. Words used by witnesses often succinctly and
specifically denote the pitch. For example, the former might be approximated by a hummingbird, the latter likened
to the squeal between stations on old-fashioned AM radios. Two revealing cases have recently come to light after
being hidden for decades:
At 4:00 a.m. on July 25, 1957, several workers were taking a break at the Daye Steel Plant in Huangshi City,
Peoples Republic of China. Upon hearing a humming sound, they noticed a bright spot in the clear night sky that
was increasing in apparent size. As it came closer, it was seen as a circular plate giving off a dazzling white light
and leaving a white trail. During a two- to three-minute observation, it flew over the frightened observers at
1000 m., producing a whistling sound that was louder than a jet. As the object approached the witnesses, the low
7
pitch changed to high pitch; no mention was made of any intermediate tones.
The next example, collected by the CIA in southern Belgian Congo in 1952, remained secret until released in
1983 under a lawsuit pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act. Two fiery objects glided in sweeping curves over
uranium mines. They were seen in several perspectives as disks, ovals, and thin lines. During 10 to 12 minutes of
observation, they emitted hissing and buzzing sounds. Commander Pierre at a small airfield jumped into a fighter
plane and took off in pursuit. He was able to get within 150 m. of the objects that were disk-shaped, aluminum, 12 to
15 m. in diameter, with a rim of fire. They were emitting a whistling sound that could easily be heard over the
airplane engine. Note that the sound changed from low pitch to high pitch as the witness approached the objects,
8
without mention of intermediate tones. In both cases, the range closed, with movement of the object in China and
of the witness in the Congo.
Explanation
It has long been recognized that people can hear electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region, such as
radar and microwave radiation from UFOs was suspected as the cause of humming sounds. Relatively little was
known about this phenomenon 15 years ago, but it had been well established that the aural response was caused by
short bursts of energy corresponding to pulsation of the microwave source. In some uncertain manner, the pulses
stimulated the organ in the inner ear that sends signals to the brain. The tonal value perceived by experimental
subjects corresponded to the pulse rage of the source. Also, the location of the source was usually thought to be
behind the head as the direct response of microwave bypassed the time delay of ordinary, slow-moving sound waves
reaching the more remote ear. This process, known as binaural audition, is one of several clues to recognizing the
direction from which sounds originate. Vigorous research during the 1970s brought this highly complex
9
phenomenon into sharp focus. But for the present purpose, many details must be omitted so some statements are
3
James McCampbell
subject to various technical restrictions that are not mentioned. Generally speaking, it has been shown
experimentally that people are able to hear pulsed microwaves from 200 to 3,000 MHz with peak power densities of
2 2
300 mW/cm and average power densities as low as 0.4 mW/cm with pulse widths of 1 to 100 microseconds (msec).
As the shape of the response curve is a steep-sided mesa, the range of pulse width is probably about 10 to 40 msec.
2
In terms of average power density, the threshold is approximately 120 mW/cm . Therefore, very low-intensity,
microwave radiation pulsed at 50 to 100 cycles per second would be “heard” and aptly described as humming.
Experiments with animals showed that cats were 20 to 30% more sensitive than people, but one dog tested was 5
times more sensitive. That result may explain why agitated dogs are the first indication of many UFO events.
An entirely different mechanism, known as the thermoplastic process, appears to be responsible for the high
pitch sounds. Absorption of energy in biological tissue produces an extremely small increase in temperature. Due to
thermal expansion of the tissue, a corresponding increase in pressure is produced that then propagates through the
medium as a sound wave. A microwave pulse impinging upon the head thereby creates a pressure wave that
propagates through the skin, muscle, bone, and brain tissue and reverberates inside the cranium. These vibrations are
carried by bone conduction to register as sound in the auditory nerve. Microprobes have been surgically implanted
in the auditory nerves of animals to measure the frequencies of pulses stimulated by this mechanism. It has been
found that the frequency depends only upon the size of the head and the acoustical properties of brain tissue. An
extremely intricate, theoretical analysis by Dr. James C. Lin accurately duplicates the experimental data for guinea
10
pigs and cats. For example, the calculated frequency for cats ranged from 30 to 40 kHz, whereas the measured
value was 38 kHz. The measured value for cats is within their normal hearing range, up to 60 kHz, but well beyond
2
the limit of human hearing at 20 kHz. The calculated threshold for cats was 589 mW/cm for a head radius of 3 cm.
For a man with a head radius of 7 cm., the calculated frequency range from 10 to 15 kHz based upon theoretical
2
models expected to yield upper and lower limits. The calculated threshold for man, 2183 mW/cm , is extremely high
2
compared to safety limits in the U.S. for short-term exposure of only 10 mW/cm . Anyone hearing a shrill whistle
from a UFO would be in serious danger.
Thus, experiment and theory show that the pitch perceived from impinging microwave pulses result from two
distinctly different mechanisms. At weak intensities and pulse rates in the low audio range, the pulses directly
stimulate the inner ear and are interpreted as humming sounds. For very intensive radiation pulses, pressure waves
reverberate inside the head creating the impression of high pitch whistles. No known mechanism produces tones of
intermediate frequencies. Thus, the sounds stimulated by microwave radiation from UFOs would be discontinuously
11
dependent upon the distance to the UFO.
SIGHT
Almost everything known about UFOs is derived from direct, visual observation of unfamiliar things in the sky,
or, occasionally, on the ground. In addition, many witnesses have reported strange creatures associated with UFOs
and involuntary visits aboard the craft, but as these aspects are covered elsewhere, they are ignored here.
or, occasionally, on the ground. In addition, many witnesses have reported strange creatures associated with UFOs
and involuntary visits aboard the craft, but as these aspects are covered elsewhere, they are ignored here.
INTRODUCTION
A vast reservoir of technical data on UFOs lies in the published reports of witnesses. And it can be tapped by the
careful study of details in single, well-documented events or in the composite from many similar cases. Validity of
the data is assured when the reports contain technical information that could not possibly have been known to the
witnesses. Ironically, testimony from simple, ordinary folk can therefore be the most valuable. It is essential to focus
attention upon the phenomenon reported rather than the identity of the witness or other diversionary issues. When a
UFO produces some observable effect in our environment, it should be amenable to scientific analysis; that is, it
should have a scientific explanation. Thus, competent investigation of UFO cases will usually disclose the exact
mechanism that produces the observed effect, or at least identify one that might be responsible.
All observed effects of UFOs, except purely mechanical processes and artifacts, carry implications of
1
electromagnetic and gravitational fields in their vicinity. Technical studies of individual effects can establish limits
to the parameters of those fields. So detailed studies of the wide range of effects should lead to a significant
understanding of the UFO field. Limitations deduced from one effect may well be different from those of another,
and still another. By overlaying these various constraints, specific parameters of the UFO fields should become
progressively more apparent.
Previous studies by the author and others have converged upon microwave radiation from UFOs as a candidate
cause of many of their effects. So a general discussion here can lay a foundation for understanding what microwaves
are, how they are described, and, in succeeding sections, how they can interact with people to produce a variety of
responses. Microwave radiation is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies in the frequency range of
* James McCampbell: A University of California degree in engineering physics led to wide-ranging career in research and
design in the nuclear field and engineering management, including the Space Environment Simulator at NASA Houston,
environmental protection for the Alaskan pipeline, and work for the Solar Energy Research Institute. Finally in 1980 he
established his own marketing and consulting company.
UFO involvement: As might be expected from such a background, his approach to the UFO phenomenon has been consistently
pragmatic: “Civilizations presently unknown to mankind may exist in some extra-dimensional sense from which UFOs penetrate
into our realm of existence; however, they fully partake of our physical reality while they are under our observation. As they
certainly interact with the physical environment, details of such interaction should be studied from a scientific point of view.
Explanations should not be sought in the realms of religion, psychology, biology, paranormal, or the occult, though these are
valid lines of inquiry as corollaries to UFO sightings.” He has been MUFON’s Director of Research since 1975.
Publications: Ufology, New Insights From Science and Common Sense (1973) is not only an expression of the above position, but
is widely respected as one of the most constructive contributions to the scientific UFO literature. This has been supplemented by
numerous articles in MUFON UFO Journal and elsewhere.
James McCampbell
300,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 cycles per second — abbreviated to 300,000 MHz (megacycles) to 1,000 MHz.
Corresponding wavelengths are 10 to 0.1 cm. The specific frequency in a given event should be known. Next, the
manner of delivery is important, whether continuous or pulsed, and if pulsed, at what repetition rate and what pulse
width. It is easily seen that a strong but very short pulse followed by a relatively long interval before the next would
deliver only a small amount of power. Thus one speaks of peak powers, average powers, and duty cycles. It need not
be difficult to visualize a description of pulsed microwaves. Consider microwaves of 1,000 MHz being pulsed at 100
2
Hz having a peak power of 300 milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm1 ) etc. but an average power of only 2
2
mW/cm . A further concept to be encountered is that of threshold, namely the lowest power level at which any given
effect takes place.
Physical effects of UFOs upon people can hardly receive a comprehensive treatment in a brief section, still less
those responses which appear to be psychological and even parapsychological. They have not been touched upon
here, but there is a mass of data that should be examined, particularly since the possibility exists that they may
actually be only physical responses to radiation.
careful study of details in single, well-documented events or in the composite from many similar cases. Validity of
the data is assured when the reports contain technical information that could not possibly have been known to the
witnesses. Ironically, testimony from simple, ordinary folk can therefore be the most valuable. It is essential to focus
attention upon the phenomenon reported rather than the identity of the witness or other diversionary issues. When a
UFO produces some observable effect in our environment, it should be amenable to scientific analysis; that is, it
should have a scientific explanation. Thus, competent investigation of UFO cases will usually disclose the exact
mechanism that produces the observed effect, or at least identify one that might be responsible.
All observed effects of UFOs, except purely mechanical processes and artifacts, carry implications of
1
electromagnetic and gravitational fields in their vicinity. Technical studies of individual effects can establish limits
to the parameters of those fields. So detailed studies of the wide range of effects should lead to a significant
understanding of the UFO field. Limitations deduced from one effect may well be different from those of another,
and still another. By overlaying these various constraints, specific parameters of the UFO fields should become
progressively more apparent.
Previous studies by the author and others have converged upon microwave radiation from UFOs as a candidate
cause of many of their effects. So a general discussion here can lay a foundation for understanding what microwaves
are, how they are described, and, in succeeding sections, how they can interact with people to produce a variety of
responses. Microwave radiation is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies in the frequency range of
* James McCampbell: A University of California degree in engineering physics led to wide-ranging career in research and
design in the nuclear field and engineering management, including the Space Environment Simulator at NASA Houston,
environmental protection for the Alaskan pipeline, and work for the Solar Energy Research Institute. Finally in 1980 he
established his own marketing and consulting company.
UFO involvement: As might be expected from such a background, his approach to the UFO phenomenon has been consistently
pragmatic: “Civilizations presently unknown to mankind may exist in some extra-dimensional sense from which UFOs penetrate
into our realm of existence; however, they fully partake of our physical reality while they are under our observation. As they
certainly interact with the physical environment, details of such interaction should be studied from a scientific point of view.
Explanations should not be sought in the realms of religion, psychology, biology, paranormal, or the occult, though these are
valid lines of inquiry as corollaries to UFO sightings.” He has been MUFON’s Director of Research since 1975.
Publications: Ufology, New Insights From Science and Common Sense (1973) is not only an expression of the above position, but
is widely respected as one of the most constructive contributions to the scientific UFO literature. This has been supplemented by
numerous articles in MUFON UFO Journal and elsewhere.
James McCampbell
300,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 cycles per second — abbreviated to 300,000 MHz (megacycles) to 1,000 MHz.
Corresponding wavelengths are 10 to 0.1 cm. The specific frequency in a given event should be known. Next, the
manner of delivery is important, whether continuous or pulsed, and if pulsed, at what repetition rate and what pulse
width. It is easily seen that a strong but very short pulse followed by a relatively long interval before the next would
deliver only a small amount of power. Thus one speaks of peak powers, average powers, and duty cycles. It need not
be difficult to visualize a description of pulsed microwaves. Consider microwaves of 1,000 MHz being pulsed at 100
2
Hz having a peak power of 300 milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm1 ) etc. but an average power of only 2
2
mW/cm . A further concept to be encountered is that of threshold, namely the lowest power level at which any given
effect takes place.
Physical effects of UFOs upon people can hardly receive a comprehensive treatment in a brief section, still less
those responses which appear to be psychological and even parapsychological. They have not been touched upon
here, but there is a mass of data that should be examined, particularly since the possibility exists that they may
actually be only physical responses to radiation.
Effects of UFOs Upon People
James McCampbell
A summary of the present paper was given at a UFO symposium in 1986 entitled Bridging The Gap.
Sponsored by the Mutual UFO Network, it was held on October 11–12 at the Tuolumne County
Fairgrounds, Sonora, California. Available time allowed only a discussion of the thesis, essential UFO
sightings, major technical points, and the conclusions. Similar abbreviated material was covered at the
th
24 Annual National UFO Conference, UFOs Over America: 40 Years And Counting, at the Burbank
Hilton Hotel, Burbank, California, June 12–14, 1987. The full text as reproduced here was first published
in UFOs 1947-1987, The 40-Year Search For An Explanation. Hilary Evans with John Spencer, Editors
for the British UFO Research Association, Fortean Times, London, 1987. î 1987 McCampbell.
A summary of the present paper was given at a UFO symposium in 1986 entitled Bridging The Gap.
Sponsored by the Mutual UFO Network, it was held on October 11–12 at the Tuolumne County
Fairgrounds, Sonora, California. Available time allowed only a discussion of the thesis, essential UFO
sightings, major technical points, and the conclusions. Similar abbreviated material was covered at the
th
24 Annual National UFO Conference, UFOs Over America: 40 Years And Counting, at the Burbank
Hilton Hotel, Burbank, California, June 12–14, 1987. The full text as reproduced here was first published
in UFOs 1947-1987, The 40-Year Search For An Explanation. Hilary Evans with John Spencer, Editors
for the British UFO Research Association, Fortean Times, London, 1987. î 1987 McCampbell.
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